Post-9/11 Jihadist Terrorism Cases Involving U.S. Citizens and Residents: An Overview

Based on Research by the New America Foundation and
Syracuse University’s Maxwell School of Public Policy.

How real is the “homegrown” Islamist terrorist threat? The New America Foundation and Syracuse University’s Maxwell School of Public Policy examined the 175 post-9/11 cases of Americans or U.S. residents convicted or charged of some form of jihadist terrorist activity directed against the United States, as well as the cases of those American citizens who have traveled overseas to join a jihadist terrorist group.

None of the 175 cases we investigated involved individuals plotting with chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapons. Given all the post-9/11 concerns about terrorists armed with weapons of mass destruction this is one of our more positive findings.

Only four of the homegrown plots since 9/11 progressed to an actual attack in the United States, attacks that resulted in a total of seventeen deaths. The most notable was the 2009 shootings at Ft. Hood, Texas by Maj. Nidal Malik Hasan, who killed thirteen.

By way of comparison, according to the FBI, between 2001 and 2009 73 people were killed in hate crimes in the United States. And more than 15,000 murders are committed in the United States every year.

The number of jihadist terrorism cases involving U.S. citizens or residents has spiked in the past two years. In 2009 and 2010 there were 76, almost half of the total since 9/11. This increase was driven, in part, by plots that could have killed dozens, such as the Pakistani-American Faisal Shahzad’s attempt to bomb Times Square in May 2010, but also by nine arrests in FBI sting operations, as well as by the 31 people who were charged with fundraising, recruiting or traveling abroad to fight for the Somali terrorist group, Al-Shabaab.

The U.S. military, fighting wars in two Muslim countries, is firmly in the crosshairs of homegrown jihadist militants. Around one in three of such cases involved a U.S. military target, ranging from Quantico Marine Base in Virginia to American soldiers serving overseas.

In a third of the cases the individuals involved were training on weapons or manufactured or acquired weaponry.

Over one-fifth of the post-9/11 Islamist terrorism cases originated with tips from Muslim community members or involved the cooperation of the families of alleged plotters. (Not included in our total were the tips from the local community that led to investigations into the disappearances of Somali-American youths to fight for the Somali group Al-Shabaab because it is difficult to put an exact number of the cases affected by those tips.)

Tips from Muslim communities and families warned authorities, for instance, about the danger posed by Daniel Boyd, who was planning to attack the Quantico Marine base in 2009, as well as the “D.C. 5” who tried to join militant groups in Pakistan the same year.

A third of cases we surveyed involved the use of an informant, while a further one in ten involved an undercover federal agent. (Five cases involved both).

Rather than being the uneducated, young Arab-American immigrants of popular imagination, the homegrown militants do not fit any particular socio-economic or ethnic profile. Their average age is thirty. Of the cases for which ethnicity could be determined, only a quarter are of Arab descent, while 10% are African-American, 13% are Caucasian, 18% are South Asian, 20% are of Somali descent, and the rest are either mixed race or of other ethnicities. About half the cases involved a U.S-born American citizen, while another third were naturalized citizens. And of the 94 cases where education could be ascertained, two thirds pursued at least some college courses, and one in ten had completed a Masters, PhD or doctoral equivalent.

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This report is the work of Peter Bergen, Andrew Lebovich, Matthew Reed, Laura Hohnsbeen, Nicole Salter, and Sophie Schmidt at the New America Foundation, and Professor William Banks, Alyssa Procopio, Jason Cherish, Joseph Robertson, Matthew Michaelis, Richard Lim, Laura Adams, and Drew Dickinson from the Maxwell School at Syracuse University.

We also want to acknowledge the work of others in this field: Karen Greenberg at New York University’s Center on Law & Security, Brian Jenkins at RAND, David Shanzer at Duke University, Charles Kurzman at the University of North Carolina, and Alejandro Beutel of the Muslim Public Affairs Council.

This report is a living document that will be consistently updated as both new information and new cases come in.

The narrative below considers:

-the numbers of homicides committed by individuals in these cases.

-the role of Muslim communities and families in tipping off law enforcement about possible militant activities that precipitated some of these cases.

-the role of informants and undercover law enforcement officers in making some of these cases.

-the numbers of cases involving the targeting of US military facilities or personnel both at home and abroad.

-a breakdown of these cases by the year the individuals were charged or convicted in these cases either in the U.S. or overseas.

-a break down the cases by the ethnic background of the individuals accused or convicted.

Note: From our count we excluded post-9/11 cases in the United States involving either Hezbollah or Hamas as neither group has targeted Americans since 9/11. We did include groups allied to al-Qaeda such as the Somali group Al Shabaab, or that are influenced by al-Qaeda’s ideology such as the Pakistani group Lashkar-e-Taiba, which sought out and killed Americans in the Mumbai attacks of 2008. We also included individuals motivated by al-Qaeda’s ideology of violence directed at the United States.

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1. Deaths from Jihadist-terrorist attacks in the United States after 9/11; total 17.

• Maj. Nidal Malik Hasan – Hasan is accused of opening fire at a readiness center at Fort Hood, Texas in 2009, killing 13.¹

• Hesham Mohamed Hadayat – Hadayat killed two people at the El Al counter at Los Angeles International Airport in 2002 before being shot dead by an El Al security guard.²

• Naveed Haq – Haq was found guilty of killing one person at a Jewish center in Seattle in 2006, and sentenced to life in prison.³

• Carlos Bledsoe (Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammed) – Bledsoe is accused of killing one soldier and wounding another at a U.S. Army recruiting center in Arkansas in 2009.⁴

By way of comparison, according to the FBI, since 2001, there have been a total of 73 cases of murder and non-negligent manslaughter classified as “hate crimes” by the FBI. In 2001 there were 10 cases, 2002: 11, 2003: 14, 2004: 5, 2005: 6, 2006: 3, 2007: 9, 2008: 7, 2009: 8. ⁵

2. Tips and cooperation by Muslim communities and families; total 39 (22%).

For the purposes of this study, tips were divided into the following categories: Tips provided by members of the Muslim community to law enforcement and tips or cooperation provided by family members of the accused to law enforcement. We found a total of 39 cases where Muslims tipped off and/or cooperated with law enforcement, a total of 22% of the cases.

Muslim Community tips – 31 cases

• North Carolina Jihad plot (Daniel Boyd, Dylan Boyd, Zakaria Boyd, Anes Subasic, Hysen Sherifi, Mohammed Omar Aly Hassan, Ziyad Yaghi) – Daniel Boyd spoke openly about his plans to wage jihad abroad, prompting complaints within the Islamic Center of Raleigh where Boyd worshipped and an eventual tip from the Islamic Center to the FBI.⁶

• Ohio plotters (Marwan El-Hindi, Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Wassim Mazloum) According to an FBI agent, members of Toledo, Ohio’s Muslim community warned the FBI about the “violent and radical views” articulated by the suspects, leading to an investigation and eventual arrests.⁷

• Virginia Jihad Network (Ali al-Timimi, Al Asad Chandia, Masaud Khan, Seifullah Chapman, Randall Royer, Ibrahim al-Hamdi, Yong Ki Kwon, Hammad Abdur-Raheem, Donald Thomas Surrat, Khwaja Mahmood Hasan) Authorities began investigating after receiving two tips from the local Muslim community saying that Ali al-Timimi was running “an Islamic group known as Dar al-Arqam” that was conducting “military-style training.”⁸

• Lackawanna Six (Sahim Alwan, Yahya Goba, Shafal Mosed, Yasein Taher, Faysal Galab, Mukhtar al-Bakri; related indictments/cases: Kemal Derwish, Jaber Elbaneh) The initial clue that the Lackawanna Six had received militant training abroad came from a letter sent by a member of the Yemeni community in Lackawanna.⁹ These men were linked to two others militants, Kemal Derwish, and Jaber Elbaneh.

• Imran Mandhai and Shueyb Mossa Jokhan – A man named Saif Allah who attended the same mosque as Imran Mandhai reported his radical statements about the United States to the FBI in early 2001.¹⁰ In 2002, Mandhai and Jokhan were subjected to a sting operation resulting in eventual indictments against them.

• Antonio Martinez – Once his plot to bomb the Maryland army recruitment center was underway, Martinez approached three different people about taking part in the bombing, one of whom reported him to the FBI.¹¹ Martinez had originally came to the attention of authorities after a Muslim confidential informant working for the FBI reported seeing extremist postings on Martinez’s Facebook page, and asked permission to contact him.

Family tips and cooperation – 8 cases

• Mohamed Osman Mohamud – Mohamud’s father first informed the FBI about the radicalization of his son, beginning the investigation that would eventually lead to the FBI sting operation in which Mohamud attempted to set off an inert bomb in Portland, Oregon in November 2010.¹²

• Carlos Almonte and Mohamed Mahmood Alessa – While the initial tip sent in to the FBI about Almonte and Alessa’s radicalization came from an anonymous source, the men’s families worked closely with the FBI from 2006 until their arrest in 2010, practically the entire duration of the investigation.¹³

• D.C. 5 (Umar Chaudhry, Ramy Zamzam, Ahmad A. Minni, Waqar Khan, Aman Hassan Yemer) – After two of the families of the young men found videotapes believed to be “martyrdom” tapes, the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) advised the families to report their sons missing, which led to their investigation, arrest, and eventual trial in Pakistan.¹⁴

3. Role of Informants; total 61 (35%).

We found a total of 61 cases in which informants played a role in a case, or in a little over a third of the cases, (35% of the cases).

• North Carolina Jihad cluster (Daniel Boyd, Zakaria Boyd, Dylan Boyd, Anes Subasic, Hysen Sharifi, Mohammad Omar Ali Hassan, Ziyad Yaghi) – an unidentified informant befriended Boyd and recorded numerous conversations over several years in which Boyd declared, “I love jihad. I love to stand there and fight for the sake of Allah.”¹⁵ The informant also reportedly heard Boyd say that if he could not make jihad abroad, he would “make jihad right here in America.”¹⁶

• Portland Seven (Habis Abdulla Al Saoub, Patrice Lumumba Ford, Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal, Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal, Jeffrey Leon Battle, Maher Hawash, October Martinique Lewis – After some of the “Portland Seven” were reported to be firearms training in a gravel pit in Skamania, Washington, FBI confidential informant Khalid Mustafa (who became an informant after being charged with drug and other offences) befriended Jeffrey Leon Battle, and recorded conversations about the Portland Seven’s plans to travel to China, as well as anti-Semitic rants from Battle.¹⁷

• Fort Dix plot (Mohamad Ibrahim Shnewer, Dritan Duka, Eljvir Duka, Shain Duka, Serdar Tatar, Agron Abdullahu) – FBI informants as well as a cooperating witness infiltrated the Fort Dix “cell” after authorities received a tip about the group’s possible militant planning.¹⁸

• Liberty City Seven plot (Narseal Batiste, Patrick Abraham, Stanley Grant Phanor, Burson Augustin, Rotschild Augustine) – Two paid FBI cooperating witnesses infiltrated the plot posing as terrorist financiers and suppliers, and also administered “oaths of allegiance” to al-Qaeda to the plotters, in addition to providing meeting places and suggesting targets for possible attack.¹⁹

• Toledo Ohio plotters (Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan Othman El-Hindi, Wassim Mazloum, Zubair Ahmed, Khaleel Ahmed) – Amawi, El-Hindi, and Mazloum all met with an undercover informant known as “The Trainer” who discussed jihad with the men and provided them with instruction in the manufacture of improvised explosive devices, and went shooting with them. El-Hindi introduced “the Trainer” to Zubair and Khaleel Ahmed, who were charged and convicted separately of conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists.²⁰

• Houston Taliban Plot (Adnan Babar Mirza and Kobe Diallo Williams) – two informants were used to build the case against Mirza and Williams for allegedly plotting to train and eventually join the Taliban, in order to engage in jihad. One informant, James Coates, reportedly alerted the FBI to their plans when he thought things were getting “out of hand.” An undercover agent was later brought in to take the group camping, engage in paramilitary activity (including hiking and shooting practice), and record conversations of the group, especially Mirza, discussing the Taliban.²¹

• Newburgh Synagogue plot (James Cromitie, David Williams, Onta Williams, Laguerre Payen) – paid government informant Shahed Hussain was a key component of the government’s case, and helped stage the sting operation that led to the men’s arrest.²²

• Tarek Mehanna and Ahmed Abousamra – Bilal McCloud, an alleged co-conspirator with Mehanna and Abousamra in their alleged plans to seek training for jihad abroad, worked with the FBI as a cooperating witness and recorded conversations between the three and others.²³

• Antonio Martinez – an FBI confidential informant (CI) first noticed extremist postings on Martinez’s Facebook page, and contacted Martinez after receiving instructions from the FBI. CI also put Martinez in touch with an FBI undercover agent who offered to help build the fake bomb Martinez later tried to detonate.²⁴

• Shahawar Matin Siraj and James Elshafay – FBI informant Osama Eldawoody befriended Siraj, and recorded conversations with Siraj that were later used against him at trial.²⁵

• Michael Finton – an acquaintance working as an FBI informant recorded Finton making statements about traveling abroad to wage jihad.²⁶

• Hemant Lakhani – A cooperating witness recorded conversations with Lakhani related to Lakhani’s attempt to sell weapons to people he thought were representatives of a terrorist organization.²⁷

• Paul Hall (Hassan Abu-Jihaad) and Derrick Shareef – informant William Chrisman communicated and recorded conversations with Hall in relation to a possible plot to attack a shopping mall (Derrick Shareef was eventually charged in connection with the plot). Hall was convicted of passing U.S. Navy secrets to militants. ²⁸

• Mohammed Mosharref Hossain and Yassin Muhiddin Aref – these two were caught in a sting operation, a fictitious plot to assassinate the Pakistani envoy to the United Nations, a plot orchestrated in part by informant Shahed Hussain.²⁹

• Abdulrahman Farhane – government informant Mohamed Alanssi (who later became disenchanted with the FBI and set himself on fire in front of the White House) recorded conversations with Farhane where Farhane discussed sending money abroad to jihadists in Afghanistan and Chechnya.³⁰

• Rafiq Sabir and Tarik Shah – Tarik Shah met with an FBI “confidential source” and discussed his and Sabir’s desire to assist al-Qaeda by providing martial arts training and medical support.³¹ Shah and subsequently Sabir eventually met with an undercover FBI agent pretending to represent al-Qaeda, to whom they pledged loyalty to the organization.

• Shaker Masri – an FBI informant and colleague of Masri’s recorded conversations where Masri discussed going abroad to become a suicide bomber and also made reference to a desire to attack American soldiers, and also made plans with Masri to go abroad.³²

• Imran Mandhai and Shueyb Mossa Jokhan – after receiving a tip from a mosque-goer of Mandhai’s radical leanings, an FBI informant named “Mohammad” enlisted Mandhai and then Jokhan in a fake plot to stage attacks in Florida, which included casing a nuclear power plant and a National Guard armory.³³

• Hamid Hayat – Hayat’s trial for providing material support to terrorists by seeking training in Pakistan relied in part on secretly-recorded conversations with a paid government informant, Naseem Khan, who was given $200,000 to report on Lodi, California’s large Muslim community.³⁴

• Mahmud Faruq Brent (Mahmud al-Mutazzim) – Tarik Shah agreed to record conversations with Brent after Shah was arrested on charges of providing material support to terrorist groups. Shah recorded Brent discussing his training with Lashkar-e-Taiba.³⁵

• Barry Bujol – after the FBI had determined that Bujol was in contact with Anwar al-Awlaki in 2008, an FBI informant posing as an AQAP operative made contact with Bujol. Bujol allegedly told the operative of his desire to fight for AQAP in Yemen, and Bujol took documents from the informant that he thought were intended for AQAP members overseas.³⁶

• Russell Defreitas and Abdul Kadir – after intelligence allegedly linking Defreitas with terrorists in South America was uncovered, an FBI informant approached Defreitas and eventually worked with him on a plan to bomb fuel arteries at JFK Airport in New York. At the time of his arrest in 2007, Defreitas was living in an apartment paid for by the informant.³⁷

• Ruben Shumpert – The FBI used paid informants to keep an eye on Shumpert’s Seattle barber shop, where they allege he showed customers jihadist videos. The informants were also used to buy handguns and counterfeit money from Shumpert.³⁸

Note: Not included in our total count of informant-driven cases were a group of around two dozen US citizens or residents (many from Minnesota) who have been arrested or indicted for funding or providing other support to the Somali terrorist group Al Shabaab (“the Youth”) since 2009. According to news reports, confidential informants followed “some of the ringleaders” for years, but as we do not know how many cases were affected by the involvement of the informant, they are not included in our count.³⁹

4. Role of Government Under-Cover officers (UCs); total 16 (9%).

We found 16 cases where FBI or local police under cover officers played a role in the case; 9% of the total number of cases.

• Farooque Ahmed – in a period between April and October 2010, Ahmed allegedly met with undercover federal agents whom he thought were representatives of al-Qaeda. Ahmed allegedly took mission taskings from them, suggested targets for bombing, and scouted several Washington, DC-area metro stations on their instruction.⁴⁰

• Mohamed Mahmoud Alessa and Carlos Almonte – an undercover agent with the NYPD Intelligence Division befriended Alessa and Almonte, secretly recording discussions where the three discussed plans to go to Somalia to fight with al-Shabaab.⁴¹

• Ryan Anderson – Anderson, a U.S. soldier with the 81^st Armored brigade, attempted to pass intelligence to a person he thought was a representative of al-Qaeda, but was instead an undercover FBI agent.⁴²

• Shahawar Matin Siraj and James Elshafay – while the primary actor in this sting operation was an informant, Osama Eldawoody, an undercover detective had initial conversations with Siraj that included Siraj’s “approval of suicide bombings and Osama bin Laden,” conversations that played a role in weakening Siraj’s attempted entrapment defense at trial.⁴³

• Michael Finton – Finton was ensnared by undercover government agents in his plot to detonate what turned out to be an inert explosive in front of a federal courthouse in Springfield, Illinois.⁴⁴

• Raja Lahrasib Khan – an undercover government agent recorded conversations in which Khan allegedly spoke about providing covert monetary assistance to terrorist leader Ilyas Kashmiri, and also spoke about his past personal interactions with Kashmiri.⁴⁵

• Antonio Martinez – an informant put Martinez in touch with an FBI undercover agent (UC) who constructed the inert bomb that Martinez then attempted to detonate in front of an army recruitment center in Maryland.⁴⁶

• Houston Taliban plot (Adnan Babar Mirza and Kobie Diallo Williams) – an FBI undercover agent went camping with Mirza and several others, and recorded conversations in which Mirza “talked about ambushing U.S. soldiers and triggering a bomb with a cell phone,” and also discussed sending money to Taliban widows.⁴⁷

• Mohamed Osman Mohamud – undercover FBI agents were integral to the sting operation that ended in Mohamud’s arrest, meeting with him, scouting targets, taking him into the Oregon woods to set off what he thought was a cell phone-triggered explosive, and constructing and providing Mohamud with the inert explosive that he attempted to detonate during Portland’s annual Christmas Tree lighting ceremony.⁴⁸

• Rafiq Sabir and Tarik Shah – Sabir and Shah conspired with an undercover FBI agent, whom they believed to be a representative of al-Qaeda, to provide medical care and martial arts training to al-Qaeda.⁴⁹

• Derrick Shareef – as part of Shareef’s alleged plot to attack an Illinois shopping mall, he traded a pair of audio speakers in exchange for inert weapons and a hand grenade, provided by an FBI undercover agent.⁵⁰

• Hosam Smadi – FBI undercover agents contacted Smadi after noticing extremist postings online, and posed as an al-Qaeda sleeper cell. They provided Smadi with an inert bomb that Smadi then attempted to detonate.

Note: we found five cases where both informants and under cover officers played a role in a particular individual case.

5. U.S. Military targets; total 57 (33%).

We found 62 cases involving the targeting of US military facilities or personnel both at home and abroad; 35% of the cases.

-38 of the cases involved plans to attack US base overseas or military personnel serving overseas.

• Portland Seven (Habis Abdulla Al-Saoub, Patrice Lumumba Ford, Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal, Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal, Jeffrey Leon Battle, Maher Hawash, October Martinique Lewis) – The group were involved in firearms training and then a trip to China, from which they planned (but failed) to cross into Pakistan and then Afghanistan in order to fight with the Taliban against U.S. troops.⁵¹ Al-Saoub was killed in Pakistan while believed to be with an al-Qaeda unit transiting to stage attacks in Afghanistan, and October Martinique Lewis was convicted of money laundering for the purpose of helping Jeffrey Battle (her husband) in “willfully supplying services to the Taliban.”⁵²

• Houston Taliban plot (Adnan Babar Mirza and Kobie Diallo Williams) – both Mirza and Williams were accused of plotting to engage in firearms practice with the aim of eventually joining the Taliban and fighting American forces. Both were eventually convicted of conspiracy to support the Taliban and firearms violations.⁵³

• Toledo, Ohio plot (Marwan el-Hindi, Wassim Mazloum, Mohammad Amawi, Zubair Ahmed, Khaleel Ahmed) – All five were indicted on charges that they had conspired to attack U.S. troops outside the United States.⁵⁴ El-Hindi, Mazloum and Amawi were convicted in 2008 of conspiracy to commit terrorist attacks against Americans overseas, among other charges.⁵⁵ Zubair and Khaleel Ahmed pled guilty in 2009 to providing material support to terrorists, in connection with their goal of traveling abroad to fight U.S. troops in Iraq or Afghanistan.⁵⁶

• Betim Kaziu – Kaziu, indicted for providing material support to terrorists, allegedly sought to wage jihad, and attempted to travel to Afghanistan and Iraq and the Balkans to fight U.S. forces, in addition to attempting to travel to Pakistan and Somalia for training and combat against non-U.S. forces.⁵⁷\

• Hasan Akbar – Akbar, a U.S. Army soldier, killed two U.S. soldiers and wounded 14 others when he threw grenades into three tents and opened fire on soldiers at Camp Mathilda in Kuwait, two days after the invasion of Iraq began.⁵⁸

• Virginia Jihad Network (Ali al-Timimi, Masaud Khan, Randall Royer, Yong Ki Kwon, Khwaja Mahmood Hasan, Donald Thomas Surratt) –those listed here were convicted of or pled guilty to encouraging individuals to levy war against the United States in Afghanistan (al-Timimi),⁵⁹ helping others gain training in order to wage war in part on the United States (Royer),⁶⁰ conspiracy to wage war against the United States in countries where the United States was at war (Khan, Yong Ki Kwon, Khwaja Mahmood Hasan),⁶¹ and offenses against the U.S. in relation to the training for these conspiracies (Surratt).⁶²

• Bryant Neal Vinas – in addition to pleading guilty to charges that he aided al-Qaeda by providing information on New York’s transit system, Vinas admitted in 2009 to taking part in a rocket attack on a U.S. base in Afghanistan.⁶³

• Paul Hall (Hassan Abu-Jihaad) – Paul was convicted of disclosing the classified movements of a carrier battle group, while serving in the U.S. Navy, to Azzam Publications, a website linked to terrorist groups. He also disclosed the group’s possible vulnerabilities to attack.⁶⁴

• Ryan Anderson – in internet postings, conversations with a “concerned private citizen” and then with undercover FBI agents, Anderson discussed classified information about his armor unit’s deployment to Iraq, provided information on the vulnerabilities of military vehicles and armored equipment, and expressed a desire to join the insurgency once he was deployed to Iraq.⁶⁵

• Tarek Mehanna and Ahmed Abousamra – though suspected of plotting an attack against U.S. politicians and a shopping mall, Mehanna and Abousamra have both been charged with attempting to travel to the Middle East (Yemen in Mehanna’s case, Jordan and before that Pakistan in Abousamra’s case) to train to fight U.S. forces in Iraq and Afghanistan.⁶⁶

• Christopher Paul – Paul, who joined al-Qaeda in the 1990’s, admitted in 2008 to being part of a plot with a German terrorist cell to attack targets in the United States, as well as American embassies and military bases in Europe.⁶⁷

• New York Subway Plot (Najibullah Zazi, Zarein Ahmedzay, Adis Medunjanin) – these three initially traveled to the Afghanistan-Pakistan border region in order to train and eventually fight U.S. troops, before being recruited by al-Qaeda and sent back to the United States to conduct an attack.

• Farooque Ahmed – the FBI initially learned that Ahmed was allegedly attempting to make contact with militants overseas in order to fight U.S. troops. They then made contact and initiated the sting operation that would lead to Ahmed’s arrest.⁶⁸

• Aafia Siddiqui - Siddiqui was sentenced to 86 years in prison after her conviction for attempted murder, after she fired on U.S. soldiers and others during an interrogation session in Afghanistan.⁶⁹

-24 cases involved targeting military facilities and personnel in the U.S.

• Nidal Malik Hasan – Maj. Hasan is accused of opening fire inside the Soldier Readiness Center at Fort Hood, Texas, killing 13 and wounding an additional 32.⁷⁰

• Fort Dix Plot (Mohammed Ibrahim Shnewer, Dritan Duka, Eljvir Duka, Shain Duka, Serdar Tatar) – the five listed were convicted in 2008 for conspiring to kill military personnel in an attack on Fort Dix, New Jersey.⁷¹

• Newburgh Four plot (James Cromitie, David Williams, Onta Williams, Laguerre Payen) – the four were convicted of plotting an attack (revealed to be a sting operation with inert weaponry) to attack civilian targets as well as New York’s Stewart Air National Guard Base.⁷²

• North Carolina Jihad Cluster (Daniel Boyd, Zakaria Boyd, Hysen Sherifi) – These men were part of a larger group led by Daniel Boyd to gather arms and ammunition to train and wage jihad abroad, including in Israel and Jordan.⁷³ A separate, superseding indictment was filed against Daniel Boyd, Zakaria Boyd and Hysen Sherifi for scouting and planning an attack against the Marine Corps Base at Quantico, Virginia.⁷⁴

• Syed Haris Ahmed and Ehsanul Islam Sadequee – as part of the charges for which both were eventually convicted, Ahmed and Sadequee allegedly discussed attacks against Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Marietta, Georgia, and also “cased” the Pentagon, in addition to civilian targets such as the U.S. Capitol.⁷⁵

• Torrance, California plot (Kevin James, Lavar Washington, Gregory Patterson, Hammad Samana) – these four participated in a plot to attack several civilian and military targets in the Los Angeles area, including military bases, recruiting offices, Los Angeles International Airport, the Israeli Consulate in Los Angeles, and local synagogues. James, Washington and Patterson pled guilty to conspiracy to levy war against the United States, while Samana allegedly researched targets (included military targets) and was the getaway driver for at least one robbery whose proceeds were used to fund the plot.⁷⁶

• Antonio Martinez – Martinez allegedly took part in a sting operation to detonate an inert explosive at a military recruiting station in Maryland.⁷⁷

• Carlos Bledsoe (Abdelhakim Mujahid Muhammad) – Bledsoe allegedly shot two soldiers standing outside of an Arkansas military recruitment office in 2009, killing one and wounding the other.⁷⁸

• Imran Mandhai and Shueyb Mossa Jokhan – Mandhai and Jokhan pleaded guilty separately to charges that they conspired to attack a National Guard armory, in addition to a power station and Jewish businesses, in what turned out to be a sting operation.⁷⁹

• Mohamed Osman Mohamud – Mohamud was in contact with an alleged terrorist in Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) about receiving training there, and told FBI undercover agents during their first meeting that his initial goal had been to receive training in Yemen or Pakistan before fighting U.S. troops in Afghanistan.⁸⁰

6. Weapons training, manufacturing or acquisition; 56 total (32%).

--Bought, manufactured or trained with weapons – 44 total

• Virginia Jihad Network (Masoud Ahmad Khan, Randall Todd Royer, Yong Ki Kwon, Ibrahim al-Hamdi, Seifullah Chapman, Khwaja Mahmood Hasan, Hamad Abdur-Raheem, Donald Thomas Surratt)– Those listed are the members of the “Virginia paintball” plot, disrupted in June 2003, who trained using firearms Khan, Royer, Kwon, Chapman and al-Hamdi each owned guns, and were convicted of either providing weapons or of discharging them during a crime of violence,⁸¹ or providing training that utilized weapons.⁸²

• Faisal Shahzad – Shahzad built his own improvised explosive device consisting of several cans of gasoline, inert fertilizer, and fireworks.⁸³ He also bought a handgun two months before the failed Times Square bombing of May 1, 2010. The pistol was later discovered in a vehicle he left at the airport when he tried to escape the US on a flight bound for Dubai.⁸⁴

• Najibullah Zazi – Zazi was in the final stages of bomb construction, needing only to assemble the bombs themselves, when he was arrested.⁸⁵

• Hesham Mohamed Hadayet opened fired at the El Al ticket counter—Israel's national airline—at Los Angeles International Airport on July 4, 2002.⁸⁶ He carried two handguns and a hunting knife. He shot and killed two people and wounded three more before El Al security guards shot and killed him.

• Nidal Malik Hasan – Hasan allegedly brought at least two guns to Fort Hood on November 5, 2009, the day of the shootings, including a legally-purchased FN 5.7 mm pistol and a revolver.⁸⁷

• Naveed Haq – Haq bought three handguns in the days leading up to his July 2006 attack on a Seattle-area Jewish center, which killed one and wounded five others.⁸⁸

• Carlos Bledsoe (Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad) – Bledsoe allegedly attacked the Little Rock, Arkansas offices of a military recruiting station on July 1, 2009.⁸⁹ From inside his black SUV, Muhammad fired repeatedly at two soldiers standing outside the office; one died before reaching the hospital, the other was seriously wounded. Three guns were retrieved from Muhammad’s vehicle after he surrendered. Muhammad also separately admitted to throwing a fire bomb at a rabbi’s house.⁹⁰

• Fort Dix plotters (Agron Abdullahu, Mohamad Ibrahim Shnewer, Dritan Duka, Eljvir Duka, Shain Duka, Serdar Tatar) – Abdullahu provided arms to the Duka brothers as part of the plot.⁹¹ The Duka brothers, as well as Shnewer and Tatar, acquired and used arms during training that included handguns, shotguns, and semi-automatic assault weapons.⁹²

• Portland Seven (Jeffrey Battle, Patrice Lumumba Ford, Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal, Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal, Maher Hawash, Habis Abdulla Al Saoub) – the men trained with weapons, and three (Hawash, Ibrahim and Muhammad Bilal) were charged with firearms offenses.⁹³ Al Saoub conducted firearms training with the group, and was later killed while attempting to cross into Afghanistan with a group of al-Qaeda fighters.⁹⁴

• North Carolina Jihad Network (Daniel Boyd, Zakaria Boyd, Hysen Sherifi) – Daniel Boyd had amassed a small arsenal in his house, was charged with possession of a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence on July 27, 2009, along with Zakariya Boyd and Hysen Sherifi.⁹⁵ Dylan Boyd was also charged with selling a firearm to a convicted felon.⁹⁶

• Houston Taliban Plot (Adnan Babar Mirza and Kobie Diallo Williams) – Mirza illegally owned a series of firearms,⁹⁷ and he and Williams allegedly undertook shooting practice on several occasions in preparation for joining the Taliban.⁹⁸

• Torrance, CA plot (Kevin James, Levar Washington, Gregory Patterson, Hammad Samana) – the men conducted firearms training in preparation for a plot to attack various targets in southern California, and also acquired weapons as part of their plan to conduct armed robberies in order to fund their terrorist operations.⁹⁹ The FBI directly linked funds from one robbery to a rifle purchased by Patterson.¹⁰⁰

• Ruben L. Shumpert was charged with possession of one handgun, which was illegal because of his status as an ex-convict, in 2004.¹⁰¹ He became an international fugitive in November 2006, when he left the United States for Somalia, where he was killed in 2008.

• Adham Hassoun was charged with Jose Padilla in 2005. Among other charges, including falsified statements, Hassoun was charged with the illegal possession of a 9mm pistol.¹⁰²

• Houssein Zorkot was arrested on September 8, 2007 after locals alerted police about a man with an AK-47, dark clothes and blackened face walking around a public park in Dearborn Michigan.¹⁰³

• Ryan Anderson – Anderson, a member of the U.S. Army, had firearms in his home which the FBI seized after his arrest.¹⁰⁴

• Semi Osman – Osman illegally owned a handgun, bought for him in 1999 by a former Seattle mosque leader.¹⁰⁵

• James Ujaama – Ujaama allegedly acquired weapons and set up a “training camp” near Bly, Oregon to conduct firearms training.¹⁰⁶

• Zubair Ahmed and Khaleel Ahmed – Zubair and his cousin Khaleel planned for several years to engage in jihad against U.S. troops overseas, and Zubair purchased a handgun as part of the planning.¹⁰⁷

• Ahmed Abdellatif Sherif Mohamed – Mohamed was arrested with home-made pipe bombs in the trunk of his car, and also made instructional videos on how to convert a remote-controlled car into a detonator.¹⁰⁸

• Khalid Ali-M. Aldawsari – Aldawsari had allegedly purchased and refined most of the chemicals needed for the explosive TNP, and was in the process of trying to acquire more, at the time of his arrest in February 2011. He also allegedly researched means of detonation and explosive construction.¹⁰⁹

 

--Explosives acquired through sting operations – 10 total

• Newburgh Bomb plot (James Cromitie, David Williams, Onta Williams, Laguerre Payen) – the conspirators acquired inert explosives as well as an inert rocket-propelled grenade from an FBI informant, and were arrested after placing the inert bombs at synagogues in the Bronx.¹¹⁰

• Michael Finton – Finton acquired an inert explosive from an undercover federal agent, which he attempted to detonate outside of an Illinois courthouse, before being taken into custody.¹¹¹

• Hosam Smadi – Smadi acquired an inert explosive device through FBI agents posing as members of al-Qaeda, which he then attempted to detonate in Dallas before being taken into custody.¹¹²

• Mohamed Osman Mohamud – Mohamud bought components for an inert explosive device built by FBI undercover agents, which Mohamud then allegedly attempted to detonate at Portland, Oregon’s Christmas tree-lighting ceremony.¹¹³

• Hossain M. Mohammad and Yassin M. Aref – Aref and Mohammad purchased an inert RPG-7 missile from an FBI informant as part of their plot to kill Pakistan’s representative to the United Nations.¹¹⁴

• Hemant Lakhani – Lakhani purchased an inert surface-to-air missiles on behalf of an FBI cooperating witness posing as a jihadist and weapons buyer.¹¹⁵

7. Cases by Year – 175 total since 9/11.

2001 – 0

2002 – 16

• James Ujaama

• Yassein Taher

• Shafal Mosed

• John Walker Lindh

• Yahya Goba

• Faysal Galab

• Kamal Derwish

• Charles Bishop

• Sahim Always

• Shueyb Mossa Jokhan

• Mukhtar al-Bakri

• Semi Osman

• Imran Mandhai

• Hesham Mohamed Hadayet

• Ali al-Marri

• Adham Hassoun

2003 – 23

• Donald Thomas Surratt

• Randall Royer

• Msoud Ahmad Khan

• Seifullah Chapman

• Hammad Abdur-Raheem

• Yong Ki Kwon

• Khwaja Mahmood Hasan

• Ibrahim al-Hamdi

• Muhammad Aatique

• October Martinique Lewis

• Patrice Lumumba Ford

• Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal

• Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal

• Jeffrey Leon Battle

• Habis Abdulla al-Saoub

• Hasan Akbar

• Iyman Faris

• Jaber A. Elbaneh

• Uzair Paracha

• Hemant Lakhani

• Majid Khan

• Nuradin Abdi

2004 – 8

• James Elshafay

• Clifton L. Cousins

• Ryan Anderson

• Ali al-Tamimi

• Mohammed Mosharref Hossain

• Mohammed Babar

• Abdullah Warsame

• Yassin Muhiddin Aref

2005 – 12

• Levar Washington

• Kevin James

• Gregory Patterson

• Tarik Shah

• Jose Padilla

• Brent al-Mutazzim

• Ahmed Omar Abu Ali

• Kifah Jayyousi

• Hammad Samana

• Rafiq Sabir

• Ali Asad Chandia

• Shahawar Matin Siraj

2006 – 18

• Kobie Diallo Williams

• Adnan Babar Mirza

• Ehsanul Islam Sadequee

• Syed Haris Ahmed

• Narseal Batiste

• Patrick Abraham

• Stanley Grant Phanor

• Rotschild Augustine

• Burson Augustin

• Hamid Hayat

• Naveed Haq

• Adam Gadahn

• Mohammad Amawi

• Marwan El-Hindi

• Wassim Mazloum

• Mohammed Taheri-Azar

• Abdulrahmane Farhane

• Syed Hashmi

2007 – 16

• Paul Hall (Abu Jihaad)

• Derrick Shareef

• Christopher Paul

• Daniel Maldonado

• Khaleel Ahmed

• Zubair Ahmed

• Mohamad Ibrahim Shnewer

• Serdar Tatar

• Agron Abdullahu

• Shain Duka

• Eljvir Duka

• Dritan Duka

• Russell Defreitas

• Ahmed Abdellatif Sherif Mohamed

• Houssein Zorkot

2008 – 5

• Troy Matthew Kastigar

• Ruben Shumpert

• Jamal Sheikh Bana

• Shirwa Ahmed

• Aafia Siddiqui

2009 – 43

• Aman Hassan Yemer

• David Williams

• Onta Williams

• James Cromitie

• Laguerre Payen

• Bryant Neal Vinas

• Carlos Bledsoe (Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad)

• Ahmad A. Minni

• Waqar Hussain Khan

• Ramy Zamzam

• Umar Chaudhry

• Betim Kaziu

• David Coleman Headley

• Daniel Boyd

• Dylan Boyd

• Zakaria Boyd

• Ziyad Yaghi

• Anes Subasic

• Hysen Sherifi

• Mohammad Omar Aly Hassan

• Nidal Malik Hasan

• Omar Hammami

• Jehad Serwan Mostafa

• Michael Finton

• Abdifatah Yusuf Isse

• Salah Osman Ahmed

• Najibullah Zazi

• Mahamud Said Omar

• Hosam Smadi

• Tahawwur Hussain Rana

• Omer Abdi Mohamad

• Kamal Hassan

• Mahmoud Hassan

• Burhan Hassan

• Tarek Mehanna

• Ahmad Abousamra

• Caabdullaahi Ahmed Faarax

• Mustafa Salat

• Ahmed Ali Omar

• Zakaria Maruf

• Mohamed Abdullahi Hassan

• Abdiweli Yassin Isse

• Khalid Mohamud Abshir

2010 – 33

• Shaker Masri

• Colleen LaRose

• Wassam al-Hanafi

• Sabirhan Hasanoff

• Mahmoud Alessa

• Carlos Almonte

• Faisal Shahzad

• Khaled Ouazzani

• Mohamed Osman Mohamud

• Adis Medunjanin

• Zarein Ahmedzay

• Antonio Martinez

• Raja Lahrasib Khan

• Hawo Hassan

• Amina Ali

• Adnan el-Shukrijumah

• Issa Doreh

• Abdisalan Ali

• Farooque Ahmed

• Nima Ali Yusuf

• Mohamud Abdi Yusuf

• Ahmed Nasir Taalil Mohamud

• Mohamed Mohamed Mohamud

• Basaaly Saeed Moalin

• Farah Mohamed Beledi

• Duane Mohamed Diriye

• Zachary Chesser

• Barry Bujol

• Abdikadir Ali Abdi

• Jamie Paulin-Ramirez

• Abdi Mahdi Hussein

• Sharif Mobley

• Anwar al-Awlaki

2011 – 1

• Khalid Ali-M. Aldawsari

8. Ethnicities of individuals

We could determine the ethnicities of 162 out of the 175 individuals. Rather than being the uneducated, young Arab-American immigrants of popular imagination, of the cases for which ethnicity could be determined, only a quarter are of Arab descent, while 10% are African-American, 13% are Caucasian, 18% are South Asian, 20% are of Somali descent, and the rest are either mixed race or of other ethnicities.

Arab/Middle Eastern -total of 42, 26 per cent

• Hussein Zorkot – Zorkot is Lebanese-American.¹¹⁶

• Mohammed Ibrahim Shnewer – Arab, born in Jordan.¹¹⁷

• Kamal Derwish – of Yemeni descent.¹¹⁸

• Sahim Alwan – part of Lackawanna Six, all Americans of Yemeni descent.¹¹⁹

• Mukhtar al-Bakri – part of Lackawanna Six, all Americans of Yemeni descent.¹²⁰

• Semi Osman – of Lebanese descent, born in Sierra Leone.¹²¹

• Adham Hassoun – Lebanese-born Palestinian.¹²²\

• Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal – of Saudi Arabian descent.¹²³

• Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal – of Saudi Arabian descent.¹²⁴

• Jaber A. Elbaneh – identified as Yemeni by the FBI.¹²⁵

• Ibrahim al-Hamdi – Yemeni national.¹²⁶

• Habis Abdulla al-Saoub – born in Jordan.¹²⁷

• Yassin Muhiddin Aref – Iraqi refugee.¹²⁸

• Mohammad Amawi – identified as being of Middle Eastern descent.¹²⁹

• Abdulrahman Farhane – born in Morocco.¹³⁰

• Marwan El-Hindi – identified as being of Middle Eastern descent.¹³¹

• Wassim Mazloum – identified as being of Middle Eastern descent.¹³²

• Aman Hassan Yemer – identified by Pakistani police as being of Yemeni origin.¹³³

• Hesham Mohamed Hadayet – of Egyptian descent.¹³⁴

• Shaker Masri – recorded by FBI communicating in Arabic with his mother, allegedly asked an acquaintance for a Syrian identity card.¹³⁵

• Khaled Ouazzani – Moroccan-born.¹³⁶

• Nidal Malik Hasan – of Palestinian descent.¹³⁷

• Tarek Mehanna – of Egyptian descent.¹³⁸

• Maher Hawash – naturalized citizen from the West Bank.¹³⁹

• Ali Al-Timimi – of Iraqi descent.¹⁴⁰

• Kiffa Jayyoussi – Jordanian-born.¹⁴¹

• Ali Al-Marri – identified as Arab in other reports.¹⁴²

• Ahmad Abousamra – of Syrian descent.¹⁴³

• Wesam al-Hanafi – of Egyptian descent.¹⁴⁴

• Yassein Taher – part of the Lackawanna Six, all of Yemeni descent.¹⁴⁵

• Shafal Mosed – part of the Lackawanna Six, all of Yemeni descent.¹⁴⁶

• Ahmed Omar Abu Ali – dual Jordanian and American citizen.¹⁴⁷

• Mohamad Ibrahim Shnewer – born in Jordan.¹⁴⁸

• Ramy Zamzam – of Egyptian descent.¹⁴⁹

• Yahya Goba – part of the Lackawanna Six, all of Yemeni descent.¹⁵⁰

• Faysal Galab - part of the Lackawanna Six, all of Yemeni descent.¹⁵¹

• Serdar Tatar – of Turkish descent.¹⁵²

• Hosam Smadi – Jordanian-born.¹⁵³

• Ziyad Yaghi – Palestinian of Jordanian birth.¹⁵⁴

• Mahmoud Alessa – dual U.S.-Jordanian citizen.¹⁵⁵

• Khalid Ali-M. Aldawsari – Saudi Arabian on a student visa in the United States.¹⁵⁶

• Anwar al-Awlaki – American of Yemeni descent.¹⁵⁷

African-American total 16; 10%.

• Donald Thomas Surratt – African-American convert to Islam.¹⁵⁸

• Jeffrey Leon Battle – African-American.¹⁵⁹

• Levar Washington – African-American.¹⁶⁰

• Kevin James – African-American.¹⁶¹

• David Williams – identified as African-American in other reports.¹⁶²

• Onta Williams – identified as African-American in other reports.¹⁶³

• James Cromitie – identified as African-American in other reports.¹⁶⁴

• Rafiq Sabir – identified as a “black intellectual” and convert to Islam.¹⁶⁵

• James Ujaama – identified as African-American in other reports.¹⁶⁶

• Hasan Akbar – changed his name when his mother married into a “Nation of Islam” family.¹⁶⁷

• Patrice Lumumba Ford – son of a Black Panther member, African-American nationalist group.¹⁶⁸

• Gregory Patterson – identified as African-American in other reports.¹⁶⁹

• Kobie Diallo Williams – identified as African-American in other reports.¹⁷⁰

• Derrick Shareef – identified as African-American in other reports.¹⁷¹

• Carlos Bledsoe (Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad) – African-American convert to Islam.¹⁷²

• Clifton Cousins – identified as African-American in other reports.¹⁷³

Caucasian - total 20, 13%

• Seifullah Chapman – identified as Caucasian in other reports.¹⁷⁴

• Troy Matthew Kastigar – identified as Caucasian in other reports.¹⁷⁵

• Daniel Boyd – Caucasian converted to Islam.¹⁷⁶

• Dylan Boyd – Daniel Boyd’s son.¹⁷⁷

• Zakaria Boyd – Daniel Boyd’s son.¹⁷⁸

• Ryan Anderson – of “German/Irish” descent, convert to Islam.¹⁷⁹

• Michael Finton – identified as Caucasian in other reports.¹⁸⁰

• John Walker Lindh – Caucasian convert to Islam.¹⁸¹

• Adam Gadahn – Caucasian convert to Islam.¹⁸²

• Zachary Chesser – Caucasian convert to Islam.¹⁸³

• Charles Bishop – identified as Caucasian in other reports.¹⁸⁴

Jamie Paulin-Ramirez-- identified as Caucasian in news reports

• Colleen LaRose – identified as Caucasian in news reports.¹⁸⁵

• Agron Abdullahu – Born in the former Yugoslavia¹⁸⁶

• Shain Duka– Ethnic Albanian from the former Yugoslavia.¹⁸⁷

• Dritan Duka– Ethnic Albanian from the former Yugoslavia.¹⁸⁸

• Eljvir Duka– Ethnic Albanian from the former Yugoslavia.¹⁸⁹

• Betim Kaziu – Kosovar Albanian.¹⁹⁰

• Adis Medunjanin – Medunjanin is a Bosnian immigrant.¹⁹¹

• Hysen Sherifi – Ethnic Albanian immigrant from Kosovo.¹⁹²

South Asian – total of 30, 18%

• Majid Khan – American of Pakistani descent.¹⁹³

• Khwaja Mahmood Hasan – born in Pakistan.¹⁹⁴

• Lyman Faris – Naturalized U.S. citizen born in Pakistan.¹⁹⁵

• Hemant Lakhani – born in India.¹⁹⁶

• Muhammad Aatique – Pakistani citizen.¹⁹⁷

• Mohammed Mosharref Hossain – Immigrated to the United States from Bangladesh.¹⁹⁸

• Shahawar Matin Siraj – Pakistani national living in the United States.¹⁹⁹

• Khaleel Ahmed – U.S. born citizen of South Asian descent.²⁰⁰

• Zubair Ahmed - U.S. born citizen of South Asian descent.²⁰¹

• Tahawwur Hussain Rana – born in Pakistan.²⁰²

• Raja Lahrasib Khan – born in Pakistan, spoke Hindi and Urdu in recorded conversations.²⁰³

• Faisal Shahzad – born in Pakistan.²⁰⁴

• Umar Chaudhry – Pakistani descent, father still lives there.²⁰⁵

• Farooque Ahmed – born in Pakistan, immigrated to the United States around 1993.²⁰⁶

• Ali Asad Chandia – born in Pakistan, brother and other family still live there.²⁰⁷

• Naveed Haq – Haq is “of Pakistani heritage.”²⁰⁸

• Adnan Babar Mirza – born in Kuwait, but of Pakistani descent.²⁰⁹

• Zarein Ahmedzay – born in Afghanistan.²¹⁰

• Mohammed Babar – born in Pakistan.²¹¹

• Hammad Samana – legal U.S. resident born in Pakistan.²¹²

• Syed Haris Ahmed – born in Pakistan.²¹³

• Ehsanul Islam Sadequee – U.S.-born of Bangladeshi descent, arrested in Bangladesh.²¹⁴

• Waqar Hussein Khan – naturalized U.S. citizen of South Asian descent.²¹⁵

• Imran Mandhai – born in Pakistan.²¹⁶

• Najibullah Zazi – U.S. permanent resident from Afghanistan.²¹⁷

• Aafia Siddiqui – born in Pakistan.²¹⁸

• Uzair Paracha – born in Pakistan.²¹⁹

• Masoud Ahmad Khan – of Pakistani descent.²²⁰

• Hamid Hayat – of Pakistani origin.²²¹

• Syed Hashmi – Pakistani immigrant to the United States.²²²

Somali – total of 32, 20%

• Nuradin Abdi – Somali immigrant.²²³

• Mahamud Said Omar – Somali citizen, permanent U.S. resident.²²⁴

• Omer Abdi Mohamed – Somali.²²⁵

• Cabdulaahi Ahmed Faarax – Somali, communicated with figures in Somali, allegedly recruited in Somali mosque in Minnesota.²²⁶

• Mohamed Abdellahi Hassan – Somali.²²⁷

• Abdiweli Yassin Isse – part of a group of Somalis charged with leaving Minnesota to fight for al-Shabaab.²²⁸

• Khalid Mohamud Abshir – involved with a predominantly Somali mosque, of Somali ancestry.²²⁹

• Hawo Hassan – Naturalized U.S. citizen from Somalia.²³⁰

• Amina Ali – Naturalized U.S. citizen from Somalia.²³¹

• Nima Ali Yusuf – identified as part of San Diego’s Somali community.²³²

• Mohamud Abdi Yusuf – refugee from Somalia.²³³

• Abdi Mahdi Hussein – Somali living in Minnesota.²³⁴

• Ahmed Nasir Taalil Mohamud – part of Somali community in Southern California.

• Mohamed Mohamed Mohamud – Imam at a San Diego mosque that is primarily Somali, considered in news stories to be the “center” of San Diego’s Somali community.²³⁵

• Basaaly Saeed Moalin – referred to as part of San Diego’s Muslim community.²³⁶

• Farah Mohamed Beledi – indicted with a group of Somali men believed to be currently engaged in fighting for al-Shabaab in Somalia.²³⁷

• Duane Mohamed Diriye – indicted with other Somali men for conspiring to aid al-Shabaab; allegedly communicated with high-level Shabaab leaders, believed to be hiding in Kenya (which has a high Somali population) or Somalia).²³⁸

• Abdikadir Ali Abdi – classified in other research as Somali.²³⁹

• Issa Doreh – at one point Doreh was a key figure in San Diego’s Somali community, according to news reports.²⁴⁰

• Mohammad Abdullah Warsame – according to an FBI affidavit, Warsame was born in Mogadishu, Somalia.²⁴¹

• Abdifatah Yusuf Isse – classified in other reports as Somali.²⁴²

• Mahmoud (Mohamud) Hassan – Somali teenager from Minnesota killed fighting in Somali in 2009.²⁴³

• Zakaria Maruf – reported as part of a group of Somali men who left the Minnesota area to fight for al-Shabaab.²⁴⁴

• Jamal Sheikh Bana – Bana’s family fled Somalia for Kenya when he was young.²⁴⁵

• Shirwa Ahmed – immigrated to the United States from Somalia as a teenager.²⁴⁶

• Salah Osman Ahmed – identified by Minnesota media as Somali.²⁴⁷

• Burhan Hassan – identified by Minnesota media as Somali.²⁴⁸

• Mohamed Osman Mohamud – born in Mogadishu, Somalia.²⁴⁹

• Abdisalan Ali – emigrated from Somalia at a young age.²⁵⁰

• Ahmed Ali Omar – identified as being of Somali descent.²⁵¹

• Mustafa Salat – identified as being of Somali descent.²⁵²

• Sharif Mobley – American of Somali descent.²⁵³

Mixed race and other ethnicities – total of 22

• Ruben Shumpert – Shumpert’s father is African-American, while his mother is Mexican.²⁵⁴

• Sabirhan Hasanoff –

• David Coleman Headley – Headley has a Pakistani father and Caucasian mother.²⁵⁵

• Omar Hammami – Father is Arab, mother is Caucasian.²⁵⁶

• Carlos Almonte – Hispanic, born in the Dominican Republic.²⁵⁷

• James Elshafay – Elshafay has an Egyptian father and Irish Catholic mother.²⁵⁸

• Patrick Abraham – Abraham is Haitian.

• Daniel Maldonado – Maldonado was born in the United States to Puerto Rican parents.²⁵⁹

• Russell Defreitas – Defreitas is Guyanese.²⁶⁰

• Anes Subasic – Subasic is Bosnian, and a naturalized American citizen.²⁶¹

• Laguerre Payen – Payen is Haitian.²⁶²

• Adis Medunjanin – Medunjanin is a Bosnian immigrant.²⁶³

• Yong Ki Kwon – Kwon is from South Korea originally.²⁶⁴

• Mohamed Taheri-Azar – Azar was born in Iran.²⁶⁵

• Abdul Kadir – Kadir is Guyanese.²⁶⁶

• Jose Padilla – of Puerto Rican descent.²⁶⁷

• Bryant Neal Vinas – of South American (Peruvian and Argentinean) descent.²⁶⁸

• Antonio Martinez – of Nicaraguan origin.²⁶⁹

• Adnan el-Shukrijumah – of Arab and Guyanese descent.²⁷⁰

• Rotschild Augustine – of Haitian descent.²⁷¹

• Burson Augustin – Haitian.²⁷²

• Narseal Batiste – Haitian.²⁷³

• Stanley Grant Phanor – Haitian-American.²⁷⁴

• Ahmed A. Minni – of Eritrean descent.²⁷⁵

9. Education

Of the 94 cases where education could be ascertained, two thirds pursued at least some college courses, and one in ten had completed a Masters, PhD or doctoral equivalent.

Completed Graduate School or PhD or MD– 11 total

• Rafiq Sabir “put himself through college and Columbia University's medical school with dreams of starting a private clinic in Harlem, said a man who attended Columbia with Dr. Sabir and was close friends with him, but declined to give his name.”²⁷⁶

• Aafia Siddiqui “earned a PhD in neuroscience [from Brandeis University] and wrote her thesis on learning through imitation.”²⁷⁷

• Nidal Malik Hasan attended medical school at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. He received his degree in 2003 and later completed his residency in psychiatry at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.²⁷⁸

• Tarek Mehanna graduated from the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy in May 2008.²⁷⁹

• Maher Hofeid Hawash acquired a Master’s degree in electrical engineering.²⁸⁰

• Uzair Paracha “obtained a graduate degree in business from the Institute of Business Administration, in Karachi, in 2002.”²⁸¹

• Faisal Shahzad was granted an H1-B visa for skilled workers in April 2002 and three years later earned an MBA at the University of Bridgeport.²⁸²

• Syed Hashmi - obtained his bachelor's degree in political science from Brooklyn College before moving to London in 2003 to study at London Metropolitan University, where he got a master's degree in international relations in 2006.²⁸³

• Kifa Jayyousi – Jayyousi obtained “advanced engineering degrees” from Wayne State University.²⁸⁴

• Anwar Awlaki – Holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Colorado State University and an M.A. in Education leadership from San Diego State.²⁸⁵

Some Graduate School – 5 total

• Issa Doreh was working toward a doctorate in information technology at the University of the Pacific when he was charged in 2010.²⁸⁶

• Ali al-Timimi was five weeks away from receiving his doctorate in cancer gene research at George Mason University when he was charged in 2004.²⁸⁷

• Umar Chaudhry – Chaudhry was a graduate student at George Mason University when he was arrested in Pakistan in November 2009.²⁸⁸

• Farooque Ahmed was pursuing a graduate degree online in risk management and data security at Aspen University at the time of his arrest in 2010, according to his LinkedIn profile.²⁸⁹

• Houssein Zorkot – was pursuing a medical degree at Wayne State University in Michigan at the time of his arrest.²⁹⁰

•  

Completed College – 15 total

• Adis Medunjanin – graduated from Queen’s College in New York.²⁹¹

• Masoud Ahmad Khan graduated from Riyadh University in 1999 or 2000, according to an interview with his mother.²⁹²

• Yong Ki Kwon graduated from Virginia Tech.²⁹³

• James Ujaama graduated from the University of Washington.²⁹⁴

• Ali al-Marri – received a degree in business management administration from Bradley University in 1991, and was attending classes at another college when he was arrested.²⁹⁵

• Hasan Akbar received a degree in aeronautical and mechanical engineering after nine years of study at the University of California, Davis.²⁹⁶

• Ryan G. Anderson – graduated from Washington State University in 2002 with a degree in history.²⁹⁷

• Ali Asad Chandia earned a Bachelor's degree in Information Systems from the University of Maryland.²⁹⁸

• Naveed Haq went to Washington State University, where he earned a degree in electrical engineering.²⁹⁹

• Mohammed Taheri-Azar graduated from the University of North Carolina.³⁰⁰

• Abdul Kadir – graduated from the University of Guyana, and also received a BSc degree from the University of the West Indies in 1981.³⁰¹

• Ahmad Abousamra - graduated from the University of Massachusetts, Boston.³⁰²

• Wasam al-Hanafi – graduated from Baruch College in New York.³⁰³

• Sabirhan Hasanoff – graduated from Baruch College in New York.

• Jehad Mostafa - graduated from a university in California with a bachelor's degree in economics according to the FBI.³⁰⁴

Some College – 28

• Ahmed Abdellatif Sherif Mohamed – Mohamed was in college when he was arrested in 2007.³⁰⁵

• Patrice Lumumba Ford – enrolled at Morehouse College and Portland State University, no evidence of graduation.³⁰⁶

• Mohammad Warsame – enrolled at Minneapolis Community and Technical College, no evidence of graduation.³⁰⁷

• Adnan Mirza – Attended the University of Atlanta, then Houston Community College, no evidence of graduation³⁰⁸

• Gregory Patterson – Enrolled at El Camino College and California State University at Northridge before dropping out³⁰⁹

• Abdifatah Yusuf Isse – Attended Eastern Washington University, no evidence of graduation.³¹⁰

• Mohamoud Hassan – Student at University of Minnesota before leaving to Somalia.³¹¹

• Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal – Was enrolled at International Islamic University in Kuala Lumpur at time of his arrest.³¹²

• Kobie Diallo Williams – Former Rice University student who was enrolled at the University of Houston-Downtown at the time of his arrest.³¹³

• Shafal Mosed – Studied at Erie Community College at the time of his arrest.³¹⁴

• Mohammed Babar – Enrolled at St. Johns University in Queens, NY, no evidence of graduation.³¹⁵

• Ahmed Omar Abu Ali – Enrolled at University of Maryland but moved to the Islamic University of Medina in Medina, Saudi Arabia, no evidence of graduation.³¹⁶

• Hammad Samana – Enrolled at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica, California at the time of his arrest.³¹⁷

• Syed Haris Ahmed – Attended North Georgia College and as enrolled at Georgia Tech at the time of his arrest. No evidence of graduation.³¹⁸

• Mohammad Shnewer – Enrolled at Camden County Community College at the time of his arrest.³¹⁹

• Jamal Sheikh Bana – Studied at Normandale Community College and later at Minneapolis Community and Technical College, no evidence of graduation.³²⁰

• Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad – enrolled at Tennessee State University at the time of his arrest.³²¹

• Ahmed Minni – Enrolled at University of Richmond and transferred to Northern Virginia Community College, no evidence of graduation.³²²

• Omar Hammami - Attended Falkner State Community College in Bay Minete, AL no evidence of graduation.³²³

• Michael Finton – Enrolled at Richland Community College in Decatur, IL no evidence of graduation.³²⁴

• Ramy Zamzam – Studied at Howard University in Washington, DC, no evidence of graduation.³²⁵

• Salah Osman Ahmed – Enrolled at North Hennepin Community College, no evidence of graduation.³²⁶

• Mohamed Osman Mohamud – attended Oregon State University but did not graduate.³²⁷

• Adnan el-Shukrijumah – attended Broward Community College, no evidence of graduation.³²⁸

• Abdisalan Ali – attended University of Minnesota at the time of his disappearance.³²⁹

• Zachary Chesser – Attended George Mason University, no evidence of graduation.³³⁰

• Imran Mandhai – Enrolled at Broward Community College, no evidence of graduation.³³¹

• Khalid Aldawsari – Attended Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, before being arrested.³³²

Completed High School – 13

• Zakaria Maruf – Graduated from Edison High School in Minneapolis, Minnesota. ³³³

• Yasein Taher – Graduated from Lackawanna High School in Lackawanna, NY in 1996.³³⁴

• Shirwa Ahmed – Graduated from Roosevelt High School in Minneapolis in 2000.³³⁵

• David Coleman Headley – Graduated from Hasan Abdal Cadet College in Pakistan.³³⁶

• Yahya Goba – Graduated from Lackawanna High School in Lackawanna, NY.³³⁷

• Faysal Galab – Attended Lackawanna High School in Lackawanna, NY.³³⁸

• Adam Gadahn- Completed high school in Oregon, no indication where.³³⁹

• Bryant Neal Vinas – Graduated from Longwood High School in Long Island, NY.³⁴⁰

• Daniel Boyd – Graduated from T.C. Williams High School in Alexandria, Virginia.³⁴¹

• Ahmed Ali Omar – Graduated from Edison High School in Minneapolis in 2004.³⁴²

• Carlos Almonte – Graduated from Elmwood Park High School in New Jersey in 2005.³⁴³

• Ziyad Yaghi - Attended Athens Drive High School and took GED classes at Wake Tech, no evidence of graduation.³⁴⁴

• Sharif Mobley – Attended high school in New Jersey and graduated in 2002.³⁴⁵

Some High School – 20

• Zarein Ahmedzay – Enrolled at Flushing High School in Queens, NY, no evidence of graduation.³⁴⁶

• Dylan Boyd – Attended West Johnston High School, no evidence of graduation.³⁴⁷

• Burhan Hassan- Attended Roosevelt High School in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the time of his disappearance.³⁴⁸

• Jose Padilla – High school dropout, no indication from where.³⁴⁹

• John Walker Lindh – Enrolled at Redwood High School then transferred to Tamiscal High School, no evidence of graduation.³⁵⁰

• Majid Khan – Attended Owings Mills High School, no evidence of graduation.³⁵¹

• Ehsanul Islam Saddequee – Attended high school in Canada, no evidence of graduation.³⁵²

• Antonio Martinez - Attended Laurel High School in Maryland, no evidence of graduation³⁵³

• Mahmoud Alessa – Attended North Bergen High School, no evidence of graduation.³⁵⁴

• Serdar Tatar - Went to Cherry Hill West High School in Philadelphia,, no evidence of graduation.³⁵⁵

• Betim Kaziu – Attended high school, but unclear where and whether he graduated.³⁵⁶

• Charles Bishop – Enrolled at East Lake High School in Palm Harbor, FL, died prior to graduation.³⁵⁷

• Agron Abdullahu – Attended high school in New Jersey, no evidence of graduation nor indication where.³⁵⁸

• Elivir Duka – Attended Cherry Hill West High School in New Jersey, no evidence of graduation.³⁵⁹

• Shain Duka – Enrolled at Cherry Hill West High School in New Jersey, no evidence of graduation.³⁶⁰

• Najibullah Zazi – Attended Flushing High School in New York, dropped out before graduation.³⁶¹

• Hosam Maher Hussein Smadi – Attended public school in Santa Clara, California, no evidence of graduation.³⁶²

• Mustafa Salat – Studied at Harding High School in St. Paul, Minnesota before departing for Somalia.³⁶³

• James ElShafay – Attended Tottenville High School in Staten Island before dropping out.³⁶⁴

• Dritan Duka - Attended Cherry Hill West High School in New Jersey, no evidence of graduation.³⁶⁵

Less than High School – 2

• Hamid Hayat – Junior high school dropout, no evidence of further education.³⁶⁶

• Colleen LaRose – Dropped out before reaching high school.³⁶⁷

Appendices

1. Support for Al-Shabaab in 2009/2010 –total of 31 cases

• 2009 Minnesota indictments (Mahamud Said Omar, Kamal Hassan, Afdifatah Yusuf Isse, Salah Osman Ahmed, Omer Abdi Mohamed) – The FBI considers these indictments a group, though they were resolved at different times; Said Omar was indicted for material support and is currently awaiting extradition from the Netherlands to the United States; Hassan pleaded guilty in February 2009 to providing material support to al-Shabaab; Isse and Ahmed have both pled guilty to providing material support to terrorists in different cases; and Omer Abdi Mohamed was charged with providing material support to al Shabaab.³⁶⁸

• 14 Shabaab indictments (Amina Ali, Hawo Hassan, Omar Hammami, Jehad Serwan Mostafa, Abdikadir Ali Abdi, Abdisalan Hussein Ali, Cabdulaahi Ahmed Faarax, Farah Mohamed Beledi, Abdiweli Yassin Isse, Ahmed Ali Omar, Khalid Mohamud Abshir, Zakaria Maruf, Mohamed Abdullahi Hassan, and Mustafa Ali Salat) – in August 2010 indictments were unsealed against 14 people for involvement in fundraising and providing other support for al-Shabaab. Amina Ali and Hawo Hassan were charged with organizing fundraising for the group, Hammami and Mostafa were charged with providing personnel support, and the others were charged with recruiting and traveling to fight for the organization. The indictments against Hammami and Mostafa were filed in 2009 but unsealed in 2010, and Faarax, Isse, Ahmed Ali Omar, Abshir, Maruf, Hassan, and Salat had previously been charged in 2009.³⁶⁹

• San Diego fundraising (Isse Doreh, Mohamed Mohamud, Basaaly Saeed Moalin, Ahmed Nasir Taalil Mohamud) – these three were indicted in November 2010 for being part of a group that raised money in the San Diego area for al-Shabaab, and Moalin is additionally accused of having provided a house in Somalia for use by al-Shabaab.³⁷⁰ Ahmed Mohamud was indicted in December 2010, and is alleged to have connections to that fundraising ring.³⁷¹

• St. Louis fundraising (Mohamud Abdi Yusuf, Abdi Mahdi Hussein, Duane Mohamed Diriye) – these men were indicted in October 2010 for funneling money through Hussein, who worked at a Minnesota money transfer company and allegedly structured the movement of money so as not to raise attention.³⁷²

• Nima Ali Yusuf – Yusuf was indicted in November 2010 for raising several hundred dollars for al-Shabaab as well as recruiting at least one person to fight for the group.³⁷³

• Shaker Masri – Masri was arrested on August 3, 2010, just before his departure from the United States, allegedly in order to join al-Shabaab.³⁷⁴

• Mahmoud Alessa and Carlos Almonte – federal investigators covertly recorded several years’ worth of conversations between the two about waging jihad abroad, culminating in their June 5, 2010 arrest at John F. Kennedy Airport on their way to Somalia to join al-Shabaab.³⁷⁵

• Zachary Chesser – Chesser admitted to attempting to join al-Shabaab, a charge which helped earn him a 25-year sentence in February 2011.³⁷⁶

2. FBI Sting Operations in 2009-2010 – total of 9 cases

• Newburgh Synagogue plot (James Cromitie, David Williams, Onta Williams, Laguerre Payen) – The four men participated in a plot to bomb Bronx-area synagogues and shoot down airplanes at Stewart Air National Guard Base, a plot partially organized by paid government informant Shahed Hussain.³⁷⁷

• Michael Finton - Finton worked with undercover government agents in his plot to detonate an FBI-supplied inert explosive in front of a federal courthouse in Springfield, Illinois.³⁷⁸

• Hosam Smadi – undercover FBI agents contacted Smadi after noticing extremist postings online, and posed as an al-Qaeda sleeper cell. They provided Smadi with an inert bomb that Smadi then attempted to detonate in Dallas.³⁷⁹

• Farooque Ahmed - in a period between April and October 2010, Ahmed allegedly met with undercover federal agents whom he thought were representatives of al-Qaeda. Ahmed allegedly took mission taskings from them, suggested targets for bombing, and scouted several Washington, DC-area metro stations on their instruction.³⁸⁰

• Mohamed Osman Mohamud – Mohamud, along with undercover FBI agents, allegedly scouted targets in Portland, detonated an explosive in the Oregon woods, and plotted to attack the Portland Christmas tree-lighting ceremony with an inert bomb that the FBI had constructed.³⁸¹

• Antonio Martinez – Martinez plotted with an FBI confidential informant and then an FBI undercover agent to detonate a bomb--which the FBI had rendered inert--outside of an Army recruitment center in Maryland.³⁸²

1 “Court martial recommended for Fort Hood shooting suspect,” Reuters, March 5, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/05/us-usa-shooting-texas-idUSTRE72374Y20110305

2 Rick Lyman and Nick Madigan, “Officials Puzzled About Motive of Airport Gunman Who Killed Two,” The New York Times, July 6, 2002. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/06/us/officials-puzzled-about-motive-of-airport-gunman-who-killed-2.html?scp=1&sq=hesham%20hadayat&st=cse

3 Jennifer Sullivan, “Seattle Jewish center shooter gets life sentence,” The Los Angeles Times, January 15, 2010. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/15/nation/la-na-seattle-jewish-center15-2010jan15

4 “Suspect arrested in Arkansas recruiting center shooting,” CNN.com, June 1, 2009. http://articles.cnn.com/2009-06-01/justice/arkansas.recruiter.shooting_1_abdulhakim-mujahid-muhammad-soldier-recruiting?_s=PM:CRIME

5 FBI, “Uniform Crime Report: Hate Crimes,” List, http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr

6 Sheyenne Rodriguez, “Leaders speak out about terror arrests,” WTVD (ABC local affiliate), August 2, 2009. http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/story?section=news/local&id=6944847

7 “Toledo’s Arab Community Called ‘Crucial’ to Terrorism Investigation,” WTOL.com, February 21, 2006. http://www.wtol.com/global/Story.asp?s=4533250

8 Mary Beth Sheridan, “Hardball Tactics in an Era of Threats,” Washington Post, September 3, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/02/AR2006090201096.html

9 Dina Temple Raston, The Jihad Next Door: The Lackawanna Six and Rough Justice in the Age of Terror (PublicAffairs, 2007).

10 Richard Willing, “Pursuit of al-Qaeda keeps coming back to Fla.” USA Today, June 15, 2003. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-06-15-florida-usat_x.htm

11 Jeremy Pelofsky, “U.S. arrests man for plot on military recruit center,” Reuters, December 8, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/08/us-usa-security-baltimore-idUSTRE6B75MU20101208

12 Caryn Brooks, “Portland’s Bomb Plot: Who is Mohamed Mohamud?” TIME.com, November 28, 2010. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2033372,00.html

13 Peter Finn and Jerry Markon, “New Jersey men arrested are latest from U.S. tied to terrorist group,” The Washington Post, June 7, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/06/AR2010060600418.html?sid=ST2010060604165; “Families of N.J. men accused in terror plot secretly aided FBI, counterterrorism unit,” New Jersey Star-Ledger, June 6, 2010. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/06/families_of_nj_men_accused_in.html

14 Jerry Markon et. Al, “Pakistan Charges 5 Northern Virginia Men in Alleged Terrorism Plot,” The Washington Post, March 18, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/17/AR2010031700430.html

15 “Daniel Boyd pleads guilty to US terrorism charges,” BBC, February 9, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12412253

16 Declan Walsh and Daniel Nasaw, "Background: 'North Carolina Taliban,'" Guardian.co.uk, 3 September 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/03/background-daniel-boyd-fbi-case

17 Bjelopera and Randol, 123.

18 Drewniak, Michael. “Five radicals charged with planning attack on Fort Dix Army Base in New Jersey.”  U.S. Department of Justice Press Release, Newark New Jersey.  08 May 2007, http://www.justice.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/duka0508rel.pdf

19 Walter Pincus, “FBI Role in Terror Probe Questioned,” The Washington Post, September 2, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/01/AR2006090101764.html

 

20 Bjelopera and Randol 105-106.

21 Juan Lozano, “Attorney: Texas Man Didn’t Want to Fight U.S. Troops,” Associated Press, May 24, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=10728853

22 Kareem Fahim, “In Bronx Bomb Plot, Tapes Shed Light on Informer,” The New York Times, September 8, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/nyregion/09plot.html

23 “How FBI traced Tarek Mehanna in his quest to become a jihadi - CSMonitor.com." The Christian Science Monitor - CSMonitor.com. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/1022/p02s10-usju.html/(page)/2

24 Jack Cloherty, Jason Ryan and Pierre Thomas, “FBI Sting Snares Man Allegedly Trying to Detonate Car Bomb at Maryland Military Center,” ABC News, December 8, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fbi-sting-snares-baltimore-man-allegedly-detonate-car/story?id=12345223&page=1

25 United States Department of Justice. “Shahawar Matin Siraj Convicted of Conspiring to Place Explosives at 34^th Street Subway Station.” 24 May 2006, http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Siraj_DOJPRConviction.pdf

26 Dirk Johnson, “Suspect in Illinois Bomb Plot ‘Didn’t Like America Very Much’” The New York Times, September 27, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/28/us/28springfield.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1

27 United States v. Hemant Lakhani.  United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.  Indictment.  Filed: December 18, 2003. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Lakhani_Indictment.pdf

28 John Christofferson, “After Sept.11, 3 Muslim converts take different paths,” The Associated Press, December 2, 2007.

29 Jerome P. Bjelopera and Mark A. Randol, “American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat,” Congressional Research Service, December 7, 2010, 109.

30 Thomas Zambito, “He Booked Money for Terror – Feds,” New York Daily News, February 9, 2006. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2006/02/09/2006-02-09_he_booked_money_for_terror_-.html

31 United States Department of Justice. “Florida Doctor Sentenced to 25 Years for Conspiring and Attempting to Support Al-Qaeda.” 28 November 2007. http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Sabir_DOJPR_Sent.pdf

32 Mark Guarino, “US-born Shaker Masri arrested: wanted to blow up ‘infidels,’ FBI says,” The Christian Science Monitor, August 4, 2010. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2010/0804/US-born-Shaker-Masri-arrested-wanted-to-blow-up-infidels-FBI-says

33 Richard Willing, "Pursuit of al-Qaeda keeps coming back to Fla," USA Today, June 15, 2003. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-06-15-florida-usat_x.htm

34 Bjelopera and Randol 108; Eric Bailey, “Lodi man gets 24 years in terrorism case,” Los Angeles Times, September 11, 2007. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/11/local/me-lodi11

35 Chris Hefflefinger, “The American path to jihad,” Asia Times Online, August 10, 2007. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IH10Df01.html

36 Allen, JoAnne. “U.S. Indicts Texan for trying to aid Yemen al-Qaeda.” Reuters, 3 June 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65309020100604?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews

37 Chad Bray, “JFK Bombing-Plot Trial Set to Start,” Wall Street Journal, June 28, 2010. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704846004575333121246508554.html

38 Jeanne Meserve and Mike M. Ahlers, "Seattle case raises questions about war on terror," CNN, 18 December 2006, http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/12/18/shumpert.terrorism/index.html

39 Josh Meyer, “U.S. Says 8 Lured Somali Terror Recruits,” Los Angeles Times, November 24, 2009. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/24/nation/la-na-somali-terror24-2009nov24/3

40 Peter Finn, Spencer S. Hsu and Caitlin Gibson, “Feds arrest N.VA. man in D.C. Metro Bomb Plot,” Washington Post, October 28, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/27/AR2010102704857.html

41 Rashbaum, William K. “Two Arrested at Kennedy Airport on Terror Charges.” New York Times, 6 June 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/07/nyregion/07terror.html?_r=1

42Mike Carter, "Local soldier accused of trying to give al-Qaida info." The Seattle Times, February 13, 2004. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001857111_ryan13m.html

43 Bjelopera and Randol 111; Rashbaum, William K. “Guilty Verdict in Plot to Bomb Subway System.” New York Times, 25 May 2006.

44 Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Illinois Man Arrested in Plot to Bomb Courthouse and Murder Federal Employees.” 24 September 2009, http://www.justice.gov/usao/ilc/press/2009/09September/24Finton.html

45 United States of America v. Raja Lahrasib Khan, Criminal Complaint, United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1204.pdf

46 Jack Cloherty, Jason Ryan and Pierre Thomas, “FBI Sting Snares Man Allegedly Trying to Detonate Car Bomb at Maryland Military Center,” ABC News, December 8, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fbi-sting-snares-baltimore-man-allegedly-detonate-car/story?id=12345223&page=1

47 "Texas man convicted of conspiring to aid Taliban." The Associated Press, May 27, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=10766103

48 United States of America v. Mohamed Osman Mohamud, Criminal Complaint, United States District Court for the District of Oregon. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1426.pdf

49 United States Department of Justice. “Florida Doctor Sentenced to 25 Years for Conspiring and Attempting to Support Al-Qaeda.” 28 November 2007. http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Sabir_DOJPR_Sent.pdf

50 “Federal Grand Jury Indicts Rockford Man in Foiled Plan to Set Off Grenades in Rockford Shopping Mall,” U.S. Department of Justice, Northern District of Illinois, 4 January 2007. http://www.justice.gov/usao/iln/pr/chicago/2007/pr0104_01.pdf

51 Jerome P. Bjelopera and Mark A. Randol, “American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat” Congressional Research Service, December 7, 2010, pp. 122-124.

52 Ibid.

53 "Texas man convicted of conspiring to aid Taliban." The Associated Press, May 27, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=10766103; “United States v. Kobie Diallo Williams and Adnan Babar Mirza- Indictment.” 22 November 2006,  http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Williams_Indictment.pdf

54 United States of America v. Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan Othman El-Hindi, Wassim I. Mazloum, Zubair A. Ahmed, and Khaleel Ahmed. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. Western Division. Superseding Indictment. February 7, 2007. http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Amawi_SpcInd.pdf

55 “Three Sentenced for Conspiring to Commit Terrorist Acts Against Americans Overseas.”  U.S. Department of Justice. Press Release. October 22, 2009. http://cleveland.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/cl102209.htm

56 DOJ Press Release. “Chicago Cousins Plead Guilty to Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to Terrorists.” January 15, 2009. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/762.pdf

57 United States Department of Justice. “Brooklyn Resident Indicted for Conspiracy to Commit Murder Overseas and Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to Terrorists.” 24 September 2009. http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2009/2009sep24.html

58 Bjelopera and Randol 115-116.

59 DOJ Press Release, “News Release,” April 25, 2005. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/73.pdf

60 DOJ Press Release, “Two Defendants in Virginia Jihad Case Plead Guilty to Weapons Charges, Will Cooperate With Ongoing Investigation,” January 16, 2004. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2004/January/04_crm_030.htm

61 Terry Frieden, “Three sentenced in Virginia ‘jihad’ case,” CNN.com, November 7, 2003. http://articles.cnn.com/2003-11-07/justice/virginia.jihad_1_virginia-jihad-network-prison-sentences-yong-ki-kwon?_s=PM:LAW

62 Ibid.

63 “New York man pleads guilty to helping al-Qaeda,” CNN.com, July 23, 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/07/23/american.terror.suspect/index.html

64 DOJ Press Release, “Former Member of U.S. Navy Sentenced to 10 Years in Federal Prison for Disclosing Classified Information,” April 3, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/US_v_AbuJihaad_dojprsent.pdf

65 United States, Appellee, v. Ryan Anderson, Specialist, U.S. Army, Appellant, Crim. App. No. 20040897, United States Court of Appeals, Armed Forces, decided March 4, 2010. http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/opinions/2009SepTerm/08-0344.pdf

66 United States of America v. Tarek Mehanna and Ahmad Abousamra, Second Superseding Indictment 1:09 cr-10017-GAO, United States District Court, District of Massachusetts. http://intelfiles.egoplex.com/2010-06-17-Mehanna-2nd-Superseding-Indictment.pdf  

67 "U.S. v. Paul Statement Facts." NEFA Foundation. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/US_v_Paul_stmentfacts.pdf; Jason Ryan and Theresa Cook, “Ohio Al-Qaeda Member Admits WMD Plot,” ABC News, June 3, 2008. http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/FedCrimes/story?id=4988588&page=1

68 “D.C. Metro Bomb Plot Suspect Pleads Not Guilty,” CBS/AP, November 9, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/11/09/national/main7037085.shtml

69 DOJ Press Release, “Aafia Siddiqui Sentenced in Manhattan Federal Court to 86 Years for Attempting to Murder U.S. Nationals in Afghanistan and Six Other Crimes,” September 23, 2010. http://www.fbi.gov/newyork/press-releases/2010/nyfo092310.htm

70 Emily Friedman, Richard Esposito, Ethan Nelson, Desiree Adib, and Ammu Kannampilly, "Army Doctor Nidal Malik Hasan Allegedly Kills 13 at Fort Hood," ABC News, 6 November 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/story?id=9012970

71 Department of Justice Press Release, “Five Radical Extremists Convicted of Conspiring to Kill Soldiers at Fort Dix,” December 22, 2008. http://philadelphia.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel08/ph122208.htm

72 Karim Fahim, “4 Convicted of Attempting to Blow Up 2 Synagogues,” New York Times, October 18, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/19/nyregion/19plot.html

73 DOJ Press Release, “Seven Charged with Terrorism Violations in North Carolina,” July 27, 2009. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/July/09-nsd-725.html

74 DOJ Press Release, “Superseding Indictment in Boyd Matter Charges Defendants with Conspiring to Murder U.S. Military Personnel, Weapons Violations,” September 24, 2009. http://charlotte.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/ce092409.htm

75 "United States v. Syed Haris Ahmed (Criminal Indictment)." NEFA Foundation. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/US_v_SyedHarisAhmed_2ndSpcInd.pdf ; DOJ Press Release, “Terrorism Defendants Sentenced in Atlanta,” December 14, 2009, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/December/09-nsd-1338.html

76 DOJ Press Release, “Two Plead Guilty to Domestic Terrorism Charges of Conspiring to Attack Military Facilities, Jewish Targets,” December 14, 2007. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2007/December/07_nsd_1006.html ; Jerome P. Bjelopera and Mark A. Randol, “American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat” Congressional Research Service, December 7, 2010, pp. 106-107.

77 Jeremy Pelofsky, “U.S. arrests man for plot on military recruit center,” Reuters, December 8, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/08/us-usa-security-baltimore-idUSTRE6B75MU20101208

78 James Dao, "A Muslim Son, a Murder Trial, and Many Questions - NYTimes.com," The New York Times, February 16, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/17/us/17convert.html?pagewanted=2

79 “Man Pleads Guilty to Terror Bomb Plot,” ABC News, September 30, 2004.

http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=91397&page=1

80 United States of America v. Mohamed Osman Mohamud, Criminal Complaint, United States District Court for the District of Oregon. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1426.pdf

81 United States of America v. Masoud Ahmad Khan et al., Motion to Stay and Revoke Release Order, United States District Court, Eastern District of Alexandria. news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/uskhan70103gmot.pdf

82 United States of America v. Royer et al., Indictment, United States District Court, Eastern District of Virginia, http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/156.pdf

83 Mark Mazzetti and Scott Shane, “Evidence Mounts for Taliban Role in Bomb Plot,” The New York Times, May 5, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/nyregion/06bomb.html?_r=1

84 Larry Margasak, “Faisal Shahzad had gun,” Associated Press, May 5, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/05/faisal-shahzad-had-gun-ti_n_564482.html

85 “Najibullah Zazi reveals chilling details on Al-Qaeda training and terrorist plot to blow up subways,” New York Daily News, February 23, 2010. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-02-23/news/27056980_1_najibullah-zazi-explosives-martyrdom

86 Jaime Holguin, “LAX Gunman’s Wife Blames U.S.,” CBS News, July 8, 2002. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/07/04/national/main514292.shtml

87 Philip Sherwell and Nick Allen, “Fort Hood shooting: inside story of how massacre on base happened,” The Telegraph, November 7, 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6521578/Fort-Hood-shooting-inside-story-of-how-massacre-on-military-base-happened.html

88 Levi Pulkkinen, “Jury finds Haq guilty in Jewish Federation Center shootings,” December 15, 2009. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/413210_HAQ11.html

89 “Arkansas recruiting center killing suspect: ‘This was a jihadi attack’,” CNN.com, January 22, 2010. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-01-22/justice/arkansas.recruiter.shooting_1_plead-islam-and-muslims-guilty?_s=PM:CRIME

90 “Soldier Killed at Arkansas Recruiting Center,” Updated August 3, 2010. http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/arkansas_army_recruit_center_shooting.htm

91 Troy Graham, “Gun supplier to Fort Dix 5 is sentenced,” April 1, 2008. http://articles.philly.com/2008-04-01/news/25251418_1_fort-dix-agron-abdullahu-gun-supplier

92 DOJ Press Release, “Five Radical Islamists Charged With Planning Attack on Fort Dix Army Base in New Jersey,” May 8, 2007. http://www.justice.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/duka0508rel.pdf

93 DOJ Press Release, “Two Defendants in ‘Portland Cell’ Case Please Guilty to Conspiracy to Contribute Services to the Taliban, Federal Weapons Charges,” September 18, 2003. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2003/September/03_crm_513.htm ; Jerome P. Bjelopera and Mark A. Randol, “American Jihadist Terrorism, Combating a Complex Threat,” Congressional Research Service, December 7, 2010, 122-124.

94Bjelopera and Randol 124.

95 DOJ Press Release, “Seven Charged with Terrorism Violations in North Carolina,” July 27, 2009. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/July/09-nsd-725.html

96 Ibid.

97 Jason Trahan, “UTD Student Convicted for Having Weapon,” The Dallas Morning News, May 24, 2007.

98 “United States v. Kobie Diallo Williams and Adnan Babar Mirza- Indictment.” November 22, 2006. http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Williams_Indictment.pdf

99 DOJ Press Release, “Four Men Indicted on Terrorism Charges Related to Conspiracy to Attack Military Facilities, Other Targets,” August 31, 2005. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2005/August/05_crm_453.html

100 Ibid.

101 Jeanne Meserve and Mike M. Ahlers, “Seattle case raises questions about war on terror,” CNN.com. http://articles.cnn.com/2006-12-18/us/shumpert.terrorism_1_informants-fbi-agent-counterfeiting?_s=PM:US

102 United States of America v. Adham Amin Hassoun et al., Superseding Indictment, United States Court, Southern District of Florida. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/588.pdf (p19)

103 “Michigan Man Remains in Custody After Entering Park with AK-47,” September 14, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,296865,00.html

104 “Alleged al-Qaeda link shocks soldier’s neighbors,” CNN.com, February 14, 2004. http://articles.cnn.com/2004-02-13/us/natl.guard.arrest_1_ryan-g-anderson-qaeda-sting-operation?_s=PM:US

105 Sam Skolnik and Daikha Dridi, “Ex-mosque leader arrested,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, November 6, 2002. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/94390_arrest06.shtml

106 Kelly Arena, “Seattle man indicted on terrorism charges,” CNN.com, September 3, 2002. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/LAW/08/28/ujaama.indictment/index.html

107 Richard A. Serrano, “Cousins Sentenced in Ohio on Terrorism Charges,” Los Angeles Times, July 12, 2010. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/13/nation/la-na-ohio-terror-20100713

108 “Student pleads guilty to terrorist support,” Associated Press, June 19, 2008. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/18/AR2008061803301.html

109 DOJ Press Release, “Texas Resident Arrested on Charge of Use of Weapon of Mass Destruction,” February 24, 2011. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/February/11-nsd-235.html

110 Karim Fahim, “4 Convicted of Attempting to Blow Up 2 Synagogues,” The New York Times, October 18, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/19/nyregion/19plot.html

111 Terry Frieden, “Sting catches alleged terrorist in plot to blow up courthouse,” CNN.com, September 24, 2009. http://articles.cnn.com/2009-09-24/justice/illinois.sting.truck.bomb_1_undercover-terrorist-plot?_s=PM:CRIME

112 “Jordanian Man Pleads Guilty in Dallas Bomb Plot,” Associated Press, May 26, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/26/national/main6522078.shtml

113 Teresa Carson, “Somali-born teen arrested in car bomb sting,” Reuters, November 27, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/27/us-usa-security-somali-idUSTRE6AQ0GK20101127

114 Eric Lichtblau and James C. McKinley, Jr., “2 Albany Men are Arrested in a Plot to Import a Missile and Kill a Diplomat,” The New York Times, August 6, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/06/nyregion/2-albany-men-are-arrested-in-plot-to-import-a-missile-and-kill-a-diplomat.html?pagewanted=1

115 United States of America v. Hemant Lakhani, Criminal Complaint, United States District Court, District of New Jersey. http://www.justice.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/lakhani.pdf

116 Sean Delaney, "Hemlock Park gunman gets 2 years probation," The Oakland Press, August 17 2008, http://www.theoaklandpress.com/articles/2008/08/17/localnews/20080817-archive.txt

117 DOJ Press Release “Five radicals charged with planning attack on Fort Dix Army Base in New Jersey,” May 8, 2007, http://www.justice.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/duka0508rel.pdf

118 “U.S. confirms death of man linked to alleged Buffalo terror cell,” CNN.com, November 12, 2002. http://articles.cnn.com/2002-11-12/us/yemen.blast.us_1_ahmed-hijazi-kamal-derwish-men-of-yemeni-descent?_s=PM:US

119 "Chasing the Sleeper Cell: Interview: Sahim Alwan." PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/interviews/alwan.html

120 "Chasing the Sleeper Cell: Profiles - The Lackawanna Cell." PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html

121 Madeleine Gruen, "The Conspiracy to Establish a Jihad Training Camp in Bly, Oregon," NEFA Foundation, June 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/NEFA_Bly0609.pdf

122 Peter Whoriskey, “Defense Says Case Against Padilla is Politically Motivated,” The Washington Post, August 14 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/13/AR2007081300928.html

123 “The Oregon suspects,” The Seattle Times, October 5, 2002. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20021005&slug=bios05m

124 Ibid.

125 "Jaber Elbaneh," Most Wanted Terrorists, Federal Bureau of Investigation, http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/terrorists/terelbaneh.htm

126 Bjelopera and Randol 115.

127 Bjelopera and Randol 122.

128 Michael Wilson, “Jury Convicts 2 Albany Men in Missile Sting,”  The New York Times  October 11, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/11/nyregion/11plot.html

129 “Ohio jury convicts 3 in plot to kill U.S. troops,” Associated Press, June 13, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25146276/ns/us_news-security/

130 "HE BOOKED MONEY FOR TERROR - FEDS." New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2006/02/09/2006-02-09_he_booked_money_for_terror_-.html

131 “Ohio jury convicts 3 in plot to kill U.S. troops,” Associated Press, June 13, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25146276/ns/us_news-security/

132 Ibid.

133 Pakistan. Sargodha Police. Punjab. Interrogation Report. http://www.wusa9.com/news/pdfs/interrogation_report.pdf

134 Greg Krikorian, “LAX Shooter Motivated by Personal Woes, Probe Finds,” Los Angeles Times, September 5, 2002. http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/05/local/me-shooter5

135 United States of America v. Shaker Masri, United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Criminal Complaint, August 3, 2010.

136 Charlie Savage, “American Citizen Sent Money to Al Qaeda,” The New York Times, May 20 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/20/us/20terror.html

137 James Dao, “Fort Hood Suspect Was ‘Mortified’ About Deployment,” The New York Times, November 5, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/us/06suspect.html

138 Claire Suddath, "Alleged U.S. Terrorist Tarek Mehanna." TIME.com, October 22, 2009. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1931521,00.html

139 Bjelopera and Randol 123.

140 Eric Lichtblau,  “Scholar is Given Life Sentence in ‘Virginia Jihad’ Case,”  The New York Times,  July 14, 2005.  http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/14/national/14cleric.html?_r=1

141 Mary Beth Sheridan, "Ex-Official Faces Terror Charges,” The Washington Post, March 21, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13680-2005Mar30.html

142 Shanzer et al. 54.

143 Madeleine Gruen, “The Boston Cluster and Extended Connections,” The NEFA Foundation, July 2010. http://nefafoundation.org//file/BostonCluster_TargetAmerica.pdf

144 James Gordon Meek, Kerry Burke, and Alison Gendar, “Al Qaeda Living Next Door,” New York Daily News, May 1, 2010.

145 "Chasing the Sleeper Cell: Profiles - The Lackawanna Cell." PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html

146 Ibid.

147 "Student Convicted in Plot to Assassinate President Bush," Fox News, November 23, 2005, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,176409,00.html

148 Bjelopera and Randol 123.

149 “Five U.S. men convicted of Pakistan ‘terror plot’” BBC, June 24, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10400972

150 "Chasing the Sleeper Cell: Profiles - The Lackawanna Cell." PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html

151 Ibid.

152 DOJ Press Release, “Five radicals charged with planning attack on Fort Dix Army Base in New Jersey.” 8 2007. ,http://www.justice.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/duka0508rel.pdf

153 Taylor Luck, “Dallas terror plot: Troubled Jordanian teen or jihadist?” Christian Science Monitor, September 30, 2009. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2009/0930/p06s01-wome.html

154 “Free Ziyad Yaghi.” http://freeziyadyaghi.blogspot.com/2009/12/ziyad-yaghi-jailed-for-going-on_8729.html

155 “N.J. men admit to plan to join terrorist group al-Shabaab in Somalia,” New Jersey Star Ledger, March 4, 2011. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/nj_men_admit_to_planning_to_ki.html

156 Larry McShane, “Saudi college student Khalid Ali-M. Aldawsari accused of bomb plots on New York City, George W. Bush,” The New York Daily News, February 24, 2011. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-02-24/news/28643914_1_bomb-making-plot-tyrant-s-house-bomb-plots

157 Ariel Zirulnick, “Top 5 attacks linked to Yemeni cleric Anwar al-Awlaki,” Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/1102/Top-5-attacks-linked-to-Yemeni-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki/Call-for-assassination-of-a-US-cartoonist

158 “Judge Sentences 3 to Prison for Roles in a Jihad Network.” The New York Times. November 8, 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/08/us/judge-sentences-3-to-prison-for-roles-in-a-jihad-network.html

159 Andrew Murr and Kevin Peraino,  "The Portland Six: Joining Jihad: They had guns, and plans for Afghanistan. Busting a would-be cell."  Newsweek.  October 14, 2002.  http://www.newsweek.com/id/65942/page/1

160 King, Colbert. “Muslim Converts, Meet the FBI.” The Washington Post. August 20, 2005.

161 Shanzer et al. 57.

162 Shanzer et al. 59

163 Ibid.

164 Ibid.

165 Andrea Elliott and William K. Rashbaum. “Defendant’s Lawyer Claims Anti-Muslim Bias in Charges.” New York Times, June 1 2005. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EFD61F39F932A35755C0A9639C8B63

166 Shanzer et al. 54

167 Bjelopera and Randol 115-116.

168 Andrew Murr and Kevin Peraino,  "The Portland Six: Joining Jihad: They had guns, and plans for Afghanistan. Busting a would-be cell."  Newsweek.  October 14, 2002.  http://www.newsweek.com/id/65942/page/1

169 Shanzer et al. 57.

170 Shanzer et al. 58.

171 Shanzer et al. 57.

172 Peter Bergen and Bruce Hoffman, “Assessing the Terrorist Threat,” Bipartisan Policy Center, Septebmer 10, 2010, p. 18.

173 Shanzer et al. 55.

174 Shanzer et al. 56.

175 Shanzer et al. 59.

176 Scott Stewart and Fred Burton, “Paying Attention to the Grassroots,” STRATFOR, August 5, 2009. http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090805_paying_attention_grassroots

177 Ibid.

178 Ibid.

179 Paul Shukovsky and Candace Heckman, “Soldier accused of trying to aid al Qaeda,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, February 13 2004. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/160510_guard13.html

180 Shanzer et al. 60.

181 Tom Junod, “Innocent,” Esquire Magazine, February 15, 2010. http://www.esquire.com/features/ESQ0706JLINDH_106

182 John Windrem, “Fears Grow of Terrorist with ‘An American Face,’” MSNBC.COM, September 10, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26564997/ns/us_news-9/11_seven_years_later/

183 Gregg MacDonald, “Fairfax County man accused of link to terrorist group,” FairfaxTimes.com, July 28, 2010. http://www.fairfaxtimes.com/cms/story.php?id=1886

184 Shanzer et al. 54.

185 Eamon Quinn and John F. Burns, “In Ireland, a Hearing on a Plot to Kill a Swedish Cartoonist,” The New York Times, March 15, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/world/europe/16ireland.html

186 DOJ Press Release “Five radicals charged with planning attack on Fort Dix Army Base in New Jersey,” May 8, 2007, http://www.justice.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/duka0508rel.pdf

187 Ibid.

188 Ibid.

189 Ibid.

190 Raffaello Pantucci, “Understanding the al-Shabaab Networks,” Australian Strategic Policy Institute, October 13, 2009. http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/ASPI_Somalia_UnderstandingAlShabaabNetworks.pdf

191 Madeleine Gruen. “The September 2009 New York/Denver Terror Plot Arrests,” The NEFA Foundation. October 19, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefa_NY-DenverArrests.pdf

192 “Islamist hackers block Kosovo website.” InfoSecurity.com, August 17, 2010, http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/3195/islamist-hackers-block-kosovo-website/,

193 “Majid Khan,” Global Security.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/majid_khan.htm

194 Meyer, Josh. “11 indicted in suspected Virginia terrorist cell.” Los Angeles Times, June 28, 2003. http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/28/nation/na-indict28

195 Richard Schmitt, "Suspect in Brooklyn Bridge Plot to Withdraw Plea," Los Angeles Times, September 26, 2003, http://articles.latimes.com/2003/sep/26/nation/na-terror26

196 “Terror Briton jailed for 47 years.” BBC.co.uk. September 12, 2005.

197 "Terror defendant allegedly trained for Taliban after 9/11." USATODAY.com. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-02-13-terror-paintball_x.htm

198 Michael Wilson. “Jury Convicts 2 Albany Men in Missile Sting,” The New York Times. October 11, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/11/nyregion/11plot.html

199William K. Rashbaum, “Guilty Verdict in Plot to Bomb Subway System,” New York Times, 25 May 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/25/nyregion/25herald.html

200 Shanzer et al. 58.

201 Ibid.

202 "U.S. man accepts plea deal in Mumbai terror attacks," The Vancouver Sun, March 19, 2010. http://www.vancouversun.com/news/accepts+plea+deal+Mumbai+terror+attacks/2701584/story.html

203 United States of America v. Raja Lahrasib Khan, Criminal Complaint, United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1204.pdf

204 DOJ Press Release, “Manhattan US Attorney Charges Faisal Shahzad with Attempted Car Bombing in Times Square.” May 4 2010. http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/nyfo050410a.htm

205 Karin Brulliard, "Father waits for case of Virginia man charged in Pakistan," The Washington Post, March 12, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/11/AR2010031104338.html

206 Peter Finn, Spencer S. Hsu and Caitlin Gibson, “Feds arrest N.VA. man in D.C. Metro Bomb Plot,” Washington Post, October 28, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/27/AR2010102704857.html

207 “Final Defendent Guilty in ‘Va. Jihad.’” Washington Post. 7 June 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/06/AR2006060601142.html

208 Jennifer Sullivan and Steve Miletich. "Haq convicted on all counts in Jewish Federation shootings,” Seattle Times Newspaper, December 15, 2009. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010513073_webhaq15m.html

209 Mary Flood, "Ex-HCC student convicted of helping the Taliban | Houston & Texas News | Chron.com - Houston Chronicle." Houston Chronicle, May 26, 2010. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7026012.html

210 Madeleine Gruen. “The September 2009 New York/Denver Terror Plot Arrests,” The NEFA Foundation. October 19, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefa_NY-DenverArrests.pdf

211 Shanzer et al. 54.

212 Bjelopera and Randol 107.

213 "DOJ Press Release: Terrorism Suspect Sentenced in Atlanta." NEFA Foundation, December 14, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/US_v_HarisAhmed_dojprsentencing.pdf  

214 Ibid.

215 Shanzer et al. 61.

216 Richard Willing “Pursuit of al-Qaeda keeps coming back to Fla." USATODAY.com, June 15, 2003. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-06-15-florida-usat_x.htm

217 DOJ Press Release, “Najibullah Zazi Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Use Explosives Against Persons or Property in U.S., Conspiracy to Murder Abroad and Providing Material Support to Al-Qaeda.” February 10, 2010. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/February/10-ag-174.html

218 Alex Rodriguez, “Is she a victim of the US or is she ‘Terror Mom”?” Los Angeles Times, February 3, 2010. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/03/world/la-fg-terror-mom3-2010feb03

219 Phil Hirschkorn, “Lawyer: Detained Pakistani to face terrorism charges.” CNN. August 6, 2003. http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/08/04/alqaeda.suspect/

220 Bjelopera and Randol 114.

221 Bjelopera and Randol 108.

222 Benjamin Weiser, “Ex-Brooklyn College Student Admits Conspiring to Help Al Qaeda,” The New York Times, April 27, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/nyregion/28hashmi.html

223 Shanzer et al. 54.

224 “DOJ Press Release, “Terror Charges Unsealed in Minnesota Against Eight Defendants, Justice Department Announces,” November 23, 2009.

225 Shanzer et al. 61.

226 Shanzer et al. 60; “DOJ Press Release, “Terror Charges Unsealed in Minnesota Against Eight Defendants, Justice Department Announces,” November 23, 2009.

227 Shanzer et al. 60.

228 “DOJ Press Release, “Terror Charges Unsealed in Minnesota Against Eight Defendants, Justice Department Announces,” November 23, 2009.

229 Shanzer et al. 60.

230 United States of America v. Amina Farah Ali, aka “Amina Aden,” aka “Amina Adan,” aka “Amina Wadaado,” and Hawo Hassan, aka “Halima Hassan,” aka “Halimo Hassan,” Indictment, United States District Court, District of Minnesota.http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1355.pdf

231 DOJ Press Release, “Fourteen Charged with Providing Material Support to Somalia-Based Terrorist Organization Al-Shabaab,” August 5, 2010. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1361.pdf

232 Peter Rowe, “Tense, troubling time for Somalis in San Diego,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 20, 2010. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/nov/20/somalis-san-diego-tense-and-troubling-time/

233 United States of America v. Mohamud Abdi Yusuf, a/k/a “Sheikh Hassan,” “Hassan Dhunkaal,” “Mohamoud Yusuf Dhunkaal,” Duane Mohamed Diriye, a/k/a “Duwane Maxamed Diriiye,” “Duane Dirie,” “Duane Mohamed Diriye,” Abdi Mahdi Hussein, a/k/a “Abdi Hussein,” “Khaliif,” Indictment, United States District Court, Eastern District of Missouri, Eastern Division.

234 Chad Garrison, “Mohamud Abdi Yusuf: St. Louis Taxi Driver Accused of Funding Somali Terrorists,” Riverfront Times, November 3, 201. http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2010/11/mohamud_abdi_yusuf_st_louis_man_accused_of_funding_terrorists.php

235 Kristen Davis, Dana Littlefield and Susan Shroder, “San Diego religious leader among those charged with aiding Somali terrorists,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 3, 2010. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/nov/03/two-san-diego-men-plead-not-guilty-helping-somali-/

236 Ibid.

237 DOJ Press Release, “Fourteen Charged with Providing Material Support to Somali-Based Terrorist Organization,” August 5, 2010. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/August/10-ag-898.html

238 United States of America v. Mohamud Abdi Yusuf, a/k/a “Sheikh Hassan,” “Hassan Dhunkaal,” “Mohamoud Yusuf Dhunkaal,” Duane Mohamed Diriye, a/k/a “Duwane Maxamed Diriiye,” “Duane Dirie,” “Duane Mohamed Diriye,” Abdi Mahdi Hussein, a/k/a “Abdi Hussein,” “Khaliif,” Indictment, United States District Court, Eastern District of Missouri, Eastern Division.

239 Shanzer et al. 59.

240 Dana Littlefield, Susan Schroder and Kristina Davis, “Local Mosque Imam’s Arrest Shocks Somali Community,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 4, 2010.

241 “United States v. Mohammed Abdullah Warsame- Affadavit of Kiann Vandenover,” United States District Court, District of Minnesota, February 6, 2004, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/US_v_Warsame_FBIaffidavit.pdf

242 Shanzer et al. 60.

243Richard Meryhew, “5th Twin Cities Somalia man is killed in war-torn homeland,” StarTribune, September 5, 2009, http://www.startribune.com/local/57448212.html

244 James Walsh, Richard Meryhew, and Allie Shah, “2 Somali men indicted in terror plot,” Star Tribune, July 14, 2009. http://www.startribune.com/local/north/50654962.html?page=1&c=y

245 "The missing Somali men" Minnesota Public Radio, July 13, 2009. http://minnesota.publicradio.org/projects/ongoing/somali_timeline/

246 Emily Johns and Richard Meryhew, "FBI chief: Suicide bomber indoctrinated in Minnesota," Star Tribune, February 24, 2009. http://www.startribune.com/40202352.html?elr=KArksc8P:Pc:Ug8P:Pc:UiD3aPc:_Yyc:aU7DYaGEP7vDEh7P:DiUs

247 James Walsh, Richard Meryhew, and Allie Shah, “2 Somali men indicted in terror plot,” Star Tribune, July 14, 2009. http://www.startribune.com/local/north/50654962.html?page=1&c=y

248 “Mystery Surrounds death of Somali teen: Minnesota relatives fear boy fell victim to Somalia extremist group.” MSNBC. June 9 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31193630/

249 DOJ Press Release, “Oregon Resident Arrested in Plot to Bomb Christmas Tree Lighting Ceremony in Portland,” November 27, 2010. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/November/10-nsd-1353.html

250 "Joining the Fight in Somalia - Interactive Graphic - NYTimes.com." The New York Times, July 12, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/12/us/20090712-somalia-timeline.html

251 United States of America v. Ahmed Ali Omar, Khalid Mohamud Abshir, Zakaria Maruf, Mohamed Abdullahi Hassan, Mustafa Ali Salat, Abdiweli Yassin Isse, Cabdulaahi Ahmed Faarax, Farah Mohamed Beledi, Abdisalan Hussein Ali, Abdikadir Ali Abdi, Third Superseding Indictment, United States District Court, District of Minnesota.http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1356.pdf

252 United States v. Ahmed Ali Omar, Khalid Abshir, Zakaria Maruf, Mohamed Hassan and Mustafa Salat , 09-CR-50.  United States District Court. District of Minnesota. Indictment. August 20, 2009. http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/us/20091124_TERROR_DOCS/aomar.pdf

253 “Pal: Sharif Mobley Radicalized Years Ago,” CBS/AP, March 12, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/03/12/national/main6292003.shtml

254 “Somali Jihad Lures Americans,” SITE Intelligence Group, January 1, 2009. https://news.siteintelgroup.com/component/content/article/25-somalia-jan09

255 Griffin, Drew, and Scott Bronstein. "American took a twisted trail to terror." CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/03/18/headlley.mumbai.profile/index.html

256 Andrea Elliott, “The Jihadist Next Door,” The New York Times, January 27, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/magazine/31Jihadist-t.html

257 “New Jersey Men Plead Guilty to Terrorism Conspiracy Charge,” Bloomberg, March 3, 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-03/new-jersey-men-plead-guilty-to-terrorism-conspiracy-charge.html

258 William Rashbaum, “Staten Island Man Describes Shattered Life, Then a Plot to Bomb a Subway Station,” The New York Times, May 10, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/nyregion/10herald.html?_r=1

259 Madeleine Gruen, “The Boston Cluster and Extended Connections,” The NEFA Foundation, July 2010. http://nefafoundation.org//file/BostonCluster_TargetAmerica.pdf

260 Tracy Connor, "Inner workings of twisted plan," New York Daily News, June 3 2007, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2007/06/03/2007-06-03_inner_workings_of_twisted_plan-8.html

261 “Indictment: United States v. Anes Subasic, et al”. U.S. District Court of Eastern District of North Carolina, Western Division No. 5:09cr216-1 FL. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1029.pdf#page=7

262 Susan Candiotti, “Suspects in Alleged Synagogue Bomb Plot Denied Bail,” CNN News, May 21 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/05/21/ny.bomb.plot/

263 Madeleine Gruen. “The September 2009 New York/Denver Terror Plot Arrests,” The NEFA Foundation. October 19, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefa_NY-DenverArrests.pdf

264 Mary Beth Sheridan, “More serious charges possible in ‘VA Jihad Network’ case”, The Washington Post, August 2, 2003, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A13377-2003Aug1?language=printer

265 Brenda Goodman. “Defendant Offers Details of Jeep Attack at University,” New York Times, 8 March 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/national/08carolina.html?pagewanted=print

266 “New York airport bomber given life sentence,” Reuters, December 16, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/16/uk-usa-security-newyork-idUSLNE6BF02N20101216

267 Deborah Sontag, “Terror Suspect's Path From Streets to Brig.” The New York Times. April 25, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/25/national/25PADI.html?ei=5007&en=f1d6a0b81ebc88ff&ex=1398312000&partner=USERLAND&pagewanted=all

268 "Bryant Neal Vinas: An American in Al Qaeda - TIME." TIME.com, July 24, 2009. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1912512,00.html

269 Armen Keteyian, “Baltimore Plot Shows More Terror Home Grown,” CBS News, December 8, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/12/08/eveningnews/main7131761.shtml

270 Curt Anderson, “AP Exclusive: New Al-Qaida Leader Knows U.S. Well,” Associated Press, August 6, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=11339080

271 Damien Cave and Carmen Gentile, “Five Convicted in Plot to Blow Up Sears Tower,” The New York Times, May 12, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/13/us/13miami.html

272 Shanzer, David, Charles Kurzman and Ebrahim Moosa. Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans. January 6, 2010, p. 57

273 Ibid.

274 Ibid.

275 Declan Walsh, “Pakistan jails five Americans for plotting terror acts,” The Guardian, June 24, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/24/pakistan-jails-americans-plotting-terrorism

276 Elliott, Andrea and William K. Rashbaum. “Defendant’s Lawyer Claims Anti-Muslim Bias in Charges.” New York Times, 1 June 2005. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EFD61F39F932A35755C0A9639C8B63

277 Von Mittelstaedt, Juliane. "America's Most Wanted: 'The Most Dangerous Woman in the World'". Der Spiegel, November 27, 2008. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,593195,00.html.

278 Blackledge, Brett J. “Details emerge about Fort Hood suspect’s history.” Associated Press, November 7, 2009. Accessed through Lexis Nexis.

279 Suddath, Claire. "Alleged U.S. Terrorist Tarek Mehanna." TIME.com, October 22, 2009. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1931521,00.html

280 Jacklet, Ben and Jannie Robben. “Hawash regrets ‘worst decision’. The Portland Tribune, 30 Oct 2009. http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=22979.

281 Hirschkorn, Phil. “Lawyer: Detained Pakistani to face terrorism charges.” CNN. August 6, 2003. http://articles.cnn.com/2003-08-04/justice/alqaeda.suspect_1_qaeda-anthony-ricco-uzair-paracha?_s=PM:LAW

282 Ahmed, Issam. “Who is Huma Mian? Wife of Faisal Shahzad, Times Square Bomb Suspect,” Christian Science Monitor 5 May 2010. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0505/Who-is-Huma-Mian-Wife-of-Faisal-Shahzad-Times-Square-bomb-suspect/%28page%29/2

283 “Syed Hashmi, American Student, Pleads Guilt to Helping Al Qaida,” Huffington Post, April 27, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/27/syed-hashmi-american-stud_n_554211.html

284 David Ashenfelter, “A Supporter or a Scapegoat? Detroiter Faces Terrorism Trial,” Detroit Free Press, April 13, 2007.

285 “Imam’s Path from Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad,” New York Times, May 8, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/world/09awlaki.html

286 “Hearing held for terrorist support suspects,” News 10 San Diego, November 9, 2010. http://www.10news.com/news/25682704/detail.html

287 Markon, Jerry and Caryle Murphy. “Va. Islamic Leader Faces Jihad Charges.” Washington Post. September 24, 2004. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45625-2004Sep23.html

288 Karin Brulliard, “Father waits for case of Virginia man charged in Pakistan,” The Washington Post, March 12, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/11/AR2010031104338.html

289 Peter Finn, Spencer S. Hsu and Caitlin Gibson, “Feds arrest N.VA. man in D.C. Metro Bomb Plot,” Washington Post, October 28, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/27/AR2010102704857.html

290 Jihad U.S.A: Confronting the Threat of Home-Grown Terror,” FoxNews, March 27, 2008. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,342248,00.html

291 William K. Rashbaum, “FBI Seizes Passport of Queens Man Scrutinized in Plot,” New York Times, January 7, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/08/nyregion/08zazi.html

292 “Interview with mother of ‘Virginia jihad’ detainee.” Cageprisoners. 04 Sep 2004. http://www.cageprisoners.com/articles.php?id=1229 [Redirected from original link.]

293 Sterling, Bruce. “The Paintball Jihadis and the Disco Jihadi,” Wired, January 27, 2011. http://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2011/01/the-paintball-jihadis-and-the-disco-jihadi/

294 McGann, Chris and Robert L Jamieson Jr. "Seattle Muslim Denies Allegations of Ties to Terror Network," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 17 July 2002, http://www.seattlepi.com/local/78857_ujaama17.shtml

295 “Former ‘enemy combatant’ pleads guilty in Ill.,” Associated Press, April 30, 2009. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/160510_guard13.html

296 "Backgrounder: Sgt. Hasan Akbar." NEFA Foundation. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/nefa_akbarbackgrounder.pdf

297 Paul Shukovsky and Candace Heckman, “Soldier accused of trying to aid al Qaeda,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, February 13, 2004. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/160510_guard13.html

298 “Teacher Jailed for Aiding LeT.” Times of India, August 26, 2006. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1929483.cms

299 "Shooting suspect was baptized." Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/279424_convert30ww.html

300 Goodman, Brenda. “Defendant Offers Details of Jeep Attack at University,” The New York Times, March 8, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/national/08carolina.html

301 Madeleine Gruen, “The John F. Kennedy (JFK) International Airport Plot,” NEFA Foundation, November 2008. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefajfkplot1008.pdf

302 Murphy, Shelley. "Boston man who cooperated in terrorism investigation gets probation for own crime - The Boston Globe." Boston.com, February 5, 2010. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/02/05/boston_man_who_cooperated_in_terrorism_investigation_gets_probation_for_own_crime/

303 “2 U.S. Men Charged with Aiding AL Qaeda,” UPI.com, May 1, 2010. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/05/01/2-US-men-charged-with-aiding-al-Qaida/UPI-98511272748539/

304 Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Wanted by the FBI: Jehad Serwan Mostafa,” http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/alert/jehad-serwan-mostafa

305 Mitch Stacy, “Prosecutor: Students had explosives,” Associated Press, February 5, 2008. http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2008/02/05/prosecutor_students_had_explosives/

306 “The Making of a ‘Terrorist’” Willamette Week, October 16, 2002. http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-1377-the_making_of_a_terrorist.html

307 “Terror Suspect Warsame sentenced to 92 months” Star Tribune, July 9, 2009. www.startribune.com/local/50356542.html

308 “Adnan Mirza: Another US War on Terror Victim” Pilly Independent Media Center, October 29, 2010. http://www.phillyimc.org/es/adnan-mirza-another-us-war-terror-victim

309 “Another Home-Grown Wannabe Terrorist, National Review Online, December 19, 2007. http://www.nationalreview.com/phi-beta-cons/43112/another-home-grown-wannabe-terrorist

310 “Somali-born Roosevel grad pleads guilty to terror acts,” Seattle Times, July 17, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,342248,00.html

311 “A Call to Jihad, Answered in America,” New York Times, July 11, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/us/12somalis.html

312 “Ahmed and Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal,” Global Jihad. http://www.globaljihad.net/view_page.asp?id=1114

313 “Houston Taliban supporter gets 41/2 years in prison,” Houston Chronicle, August 7, 2009. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/6564474.html

314 “Sleeper Cell—Or Foolish Pawns?” Salon.com, March 17, 2003. http://dir.salon.com/news/feature/2003/05/19/buffalo_6/print.html

315 “Supergrass tells of terror fight,” BBC News, March 24, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4835666.stm

316 “Virginia Man Found Guilty of Plot to Kill President and Aiding Al-Qaeda,” Anti-Defamation League, November 23, 2005. http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/abu_ali_found_guilty_112305.htm

317 “Convicted terrorists living next door, deadly terror plot devised inside California prison,” Examiner.com, January 28, 2010. http://www.examiner.com/homeland-security-in-los-angeles/convicted-terrorists-living-next-door-deadly-terror-plot-devised-inside-california-prison

318 “Terrorism Defendants Sentenced in Atlanta,” US Department of Justice, December 14, 2009. http://www.examiner.com/homeland-security-in-los-angeles/convicted-terrorists-living-next-door-deadly-terror-plot-devised-inside-california-prison

319 “Terror Arrests in New Jersey; In Large Immigrant Family, Religion Guided 3 Held in Fort Dix Plot,” NY Times, May 10, 2007. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E1DF1431F933A25756C0A9619C8B63

320 “Joining the Fight in Somalia,” NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/12/us/20090712-somalia-timeline.html

321 “Muslim who shot soldier in Arkansas says he wanted to cause more death,” Knox News, November 13, 2010. http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2010/nov/13/muslim-who-shot-solider-arkansas-says-he-wanted-ca/

322 “parents of alleged terrorists seek clues to sons’ disappearance to Pakistan,” Washington Post, Aptril 14, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/13/AR2010041304351.html

323 “The Jihadist Next Door,” NY Times, January 27, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/magazine/31Jihadist-t.html?pagewanted=3

324 “Suspect in Illinoi Bomb Plot ‘Didn’t Like America Very Much,’” September 27, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/28/us/28springfield.html

325 “Howard University Student Reportedly Detained in Pakistan,” Washington City Paper, December 9, 2009. http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/citydesk/2009/12/09/howard-university-student-reportedly-detained-in-pakistan/

326 “Two Somali American Terror Suspects Indicted in Minneapolis,” Anti-Defamation League, July 20, 2009. http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/terror_suspects_indicted_minneapolis.htm

327 “Oregon Bomb Suspect Mohamed Osman Mohamud Wanted ‘Spectacular Show,’ Says FBI,” CBS News, November 29, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-20023957-504083.html

328 “A Hunt for the Pilot,” US News, March 30, 2003. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/030407/7terror.htm

329 “The Missing Somali Men: A timeline of the story so far,” Minnesota Public Radio News. http://minnesota.publicradio.org/projects/ongoing/somali_timeline/

330 “Zachary Chesser and Paul Rockwood: latest US citizens linked to al-Awlaki,” Christian Science Monitor, July 22, 2010. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2010/0722/Zachary-Chesser-and-Paul-Rockwood-latest-US-citizens-linked-to-al-Awlaki

331 “New Charges Filed in Terror Plot Against New York Subways,” Anti-Defamation League, July 9, 2010. http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/el_shukrijumah_indicted.htm

332 “Saudi charged in US bomb plot; Bush possible target,” All Voices, February 24, 2011. http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/8296722-saudi-charged-in-us-bomb-plot-bush-possible-target

333 “Major New York Times Article on Homegrown Somali Terrorist: Will it Prod Congressional Action?” New English Review, July 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/us/12somalis.html

334 Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell,” PBS. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/nyregion/26terror.html

335 “Joining the Fight in Somalia,” NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/12/us/20090712-somalia-timeline.html

336 “Times Topics: David C. Headley,” New York Times, November 8, 2010. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/david_c_headley/index.html

337 “U.S. seeks reduced term for Goba ; Member of 'Lackawanna Six' has given key information about al-Qaida,” Buffalo News, November 17, 2007. http://www.buffalonews.com/incoming/article159216.ece

338 “More than 30 incidents of domestic terrorism attacks thwarted since 9/11” Examiner.com, May 23, 2010. http://www.examiner.com/homeland-security-in-national/more-than-30-incidents-of-domestic-terrorism-attacks-thwarted-since-9-11

339 “Southern California Al Qaeda Spokesman Arrested,” Salem News, March 8, 2010. http://www.salem-news.com/articles/march082010/al-queda-ef.php

340 “Transcript of Conversation with Bryan Neal Vinas,” United States District Court Eastern District of New York, July 24, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/US_v_Vinas_guiltytranscript.pdf

341 “Daniel Boyd: A Homegrown Terrorist?” Time, July 30, 2009. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1913602,00.html

342 “The Missing Somali Men,” Minnesota Public Radio News. http://minnesota.publicradio.org/projects/ongoing/somali_timeline/

343 “Times Topics: carlos Almonte” New York Times, June 7, 2010. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/carlos_eduardo_almonte/index.html

344 “Boyd’s co-defendants’ histories come to light,” Newsobserver, August 6, 2008. http://www.newsobserver.com/2009/08/06/80156/boyds-co-defendants-histories.html?storylink=misearch#ixzz1G8RJiD00

345 “Sharif Mobley: FBI Investigating New Jersey-Born Alleged Al Qaeda Member Who Tried to Shoot Way Out of Hospital,” Huffington Post, March 11, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/11/sharif-mobley-fbi-investi_n_495172.html

346 “Two More Men Charged in Plot to Bomb Subways,” New Yotk Times, February 25, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/nyregion/26terror.html

347 “Friends, lawyers: Terror suspects don’t fit profile,” WRAL.com, July 29, 2009. http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/5683867/

348 “Joining the Fight in Somalia,” NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/12/us/20090712-somalia-timeline.html

349 “The Jose Padilla Case,” Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/padilla/

350 “The Taliban Next Door,” Time, December 9, 2001. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,187564,00.html

351 “From Baltimore Suburbs to a Secret CIA Prison,” Washington Post, September 10, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/09/AR2006090901024_pf.html

352 “Affidavit against Ehsanul Sadequee,” United States District Court Eastern District of New York. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Affidavit_against_Ehsanul_Sadequee

353 “Who is Accused Baltimore Terrorist Antonio Martinez?” AOL News, December 9, 2010. http://www.aolnews.com/2010/12/09/who-is-accused-baltimore-terrorist-antonio-martinez/

354 “Mohamed Mahmood Alessa, Terror Suspec, Was ‘Danger’ At School,” Huffington Post, June 8 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/08/mohamed-mahmood-alessa-te_n_604113.html

355 “Fort Dix Six,” CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/2316-100_162-2786025-5.html

356 “Brooklyn Man is Accused of Trying to Aid Terrorists,” New York Times, September 24, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/25/nyregion/25jihad.html

357 “Bank of America plane crash and Charles Bishop remembered,” WTSP News, February 2010. http://www.wtsp.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=125580&catid=8

358 “Feds Arrest Men in Fort Dix Terror Plot,” Gothamist. http://gothamist.com/2007/05/09/feds_arrest_men.php

359 “The Fort Dix Plot,” The NEFA Foundation, January 2008. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/fortdixplot.pdf

360 “The Fort Dix Plot,” The NEFA Foundation, January 2008. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/fortdixplot.pdf

361 “From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect,” New York Times, September 25, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/nyregion/26profile.html?pagewanted=2

362 “Dallas Terrorism Bomb Plot Suspect Smadi Indicted on WMD Charges,” Find Law, October 8, 2009. http://blogs.findlaw.com/courtside/2009/10/dallas-terrorism-bomb-plot-suspect-smadi-indicted-on-wmd-charges.html

363 “The missing Somali men” Minnesota Public Radio News. http://minnesota.publicradio.org/projects/ongoing/somali_timeline/

364 “Anatomy of a Foiled Plot” New York Magazine, May 21, 2005. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/10559/

365 “The Fort Dix Plot,” The NEFA Foundation, January 2008. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/fortdixplot.pdf

366 “The Enemy Within,” PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/enemywithin/interviews/scott.html

367 “JihadJane suspect dropped out before high school, married at 16,” Washington Post, March 11, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/10/AR2010031003722.html?hpid=moreheadlines

368 Department of Justice Press Release, “Terror Charges Unsealed in Minnesota Against Eight Defendants, Justice Department Announces,” November 23, 2009. http://minneapolis.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/mp112309.htm

369 DOJ Press Release, “Fourteen Charged with Providing Material Support to Somali-Based Terrorist Organization,” August 5, 2010. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/August/10-ag-898.html

370 Julie Watson, “CA man accused of terror funding held without bail,” Associated Press, November 5, 2010. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/11/05/ca_man_accused_of_terror_funding_held_without_bail/

371 Greg Moran, “Fourth man indicted in Somali terrorism case,” San Diego Union-Tribune, December 3, 2010. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/dec/03/feds-indict-fourth-man-in-terrorism-case/

372 “U.S. charges men with funding Somali insurgent” November 3, 2010. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-11-03/us/al.shabaab.indictments_1_indictment-states-foreign-terrorist-organization-material-support?_s=PM:US

373 “Woman Charged in Calif. With Aiding Qaeda Group,” Associated Press, November 16, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/11/15/national/main7057666.shtml

374 Andrew M. Harris, “Chicago Man Accused of Plotting to Help Al-Qaeda, Shabaab Terror Groups,” Bloomberg, August 4, 2010. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-04/chicago-man-arrested-in-plot-to-help-somali-militia-with-ties-to-al-qaeda.html

375 “N.J. men admit plan to join terrorist group al-Shabaab in Somalia,” New Jersey Star Ledger, March 4, 2011. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/nj_men_admit_to_planning_to_ki.html

376 DOJ Press Release, “ Virginia Man Sentence to 25 Year in Prison for Providing Material Support and Encouraging Violent Jihadists to Kill U.S. Citizens,” February 24, 2011. http://washingtondc.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel11/wfo022411a.htm

377 Kareem Fahim, “In Bronx Bomb Plot, Tapes Shed Light on Informer,” The New York Times, September 8, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/nyregion/09plot.html

378 Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Illinois Man Arrested in Plot to Bomb Courthouse and Murder Federal Employees.” 24 September 2009, http://www.justice.gov/usao/ilc/press/2009/09September/24Finton.html

379 “Jordanian man sentenced to 24 years in undercover bomb plot,” CNN.com, October 19, 2010. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-19/justice/texas.bomb.plot.sentencing_1_truck-bomb-jordanian-man-attorney-general-david-kris?_s=PM:CRIME

380 Peter Finn, Spencer S. Hsu and Caitlin Gibson, “Feds arrest N.VA. man in D.C. Metro Bomb Plot,” Washington Post, October 28, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/27/AR2010102704857.html

381 United States of America v. Mohamed Osman Mohamud, Criminal Complaint, United States District Court for the District of Oregon. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1426.pdf

382 Jack Cloherty, Jason Ryan and Pierre Thomas, “FBI Sting Snares Man Allegedly Trying to Detonate Car Bomb at Maryland Military Center,” ABC News, December 8, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fbi-sting-snares-baltimore-man-allegedly-detonate-car/story?id=12345223&page=1